Space Exploration

New Trash Compactor Bound for the Space Station

By Jonathan Bala November 10, 2024

New Trash Compactor Bound for the Space Station

Sierra Space has developed a new Trash Compaction and Processing System (TCPS) for efficient waste management aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This innovative device will reduce waste volume by 75%, reclaim water from trash, and offer additional radiation protection, revolutionizing long-term space travel sustainability.

Summary

Sierra Space has designed a Trash Compaction and Processing System (TCPS) for the ISS.
The TCPS will compact waste to 25% of its original volume.
Water and gases can be extracted from wet trash for reuse.
Compacted trash tiles could be used for radiation shielding.
Current waste management involves burning trash in Earth’s atmosphere.
Long-term missions to the Moon and Mars will need better waste solutions.
The TCPS has a Catalytic Oxidizer for processing harmful gases.
NASA plans to test the TCPS on the ISS in late 2026.
Wet trash storage poses health risks if not managed properly.
The TCPS will simplify waste management and stowage.

Introduction

Waste management in space is a complex yet critical aspect of long-term human space exploration. As humanity aims for missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond, effective waste processing systems are essential. The new Trash Compaction and Processing System (TCPS) developed by Sierra Space, in collaboration with NASA, could mark a significant breakthrough in sustainable space operations.

The Problem

Currently, managing garbage on the ISS is not ideal for long-term missions. Every astronaut on the ISS generates waste, including food wrappers, wipes, and old clothes, which are collected and stored temporarily. At present, all the trash is packed into resupply vehicles like the Russian Progress ship or Northrup Grumman’s Cygnus, which later burn up in the atmosphere. This practice works for ISS missions but would not be feasible for journeys to Mars or long-term lunar bases.

Challenges with Current Waste Disposal Methods

Space limitations: Garbage takes up valuable room on spacecraft.
Health hazards: Wet trash can generate harmful gases and bacteria if left unattended.
Resource wastage: No current system reclaims water or gases from the waste.

NASA recognizes the need for a self-sustaining and environmentally friendly waste management system. This led to the development of the TCPS, a device designed to solve multiple issues associated with space trash.

The Innovation: Trash Compaction and Processing System (TCPS)

The TCPS is a state-of-the-art machine developed by Sierra Space that reduces waste volume, extracts resources, and provides additional radiation protection. Its development marks a major advancement in waste processing technology for space exploration.

Key Features of the TCPS

Volume Reduction: The TCPS compresses waste into tiles, reducing its volume by up to 75%.
Water Reclamation: Nearly all water content from wet trash is recovered for reuse.
Radiation Shielding: The compacted trash tiles serve as an added layer of protection against cosmic rays.
Catalytic Oxidizer: The system includes a Catalytic Oxidizer (CatOx) to eliminate volatile organic compounds and other harmful gases.

Table 1: Benefits of the TCPS Technology

Feature	Benefit
Volume Reduction	Frees up space and makes waste storage manageable
Water Reclamation	Increases resource efficiency for long missions
Radiation Shielding	Protects astronauts from harmful space radiation
Catalytic Oxidizer	Keeps the habitat safe from harmful gases

“Long-term space travel requires the efficient use of every ounce of material and every piece of equipment. Every decision made on a spacecraft can have far-reaching consequences, and waste management becomes a matter of survival and mission integrity in the vacuum of space.” — Tom Vice, CEO of Sierra Space

How TCPS Works

The TCPS is a stand-alone system designed for ease of use. It requires only access to power, data, and air-cooling interfaces. Once installed, the TCPS will compact trash using heat and pressure, turning waste into dense, square tiles. These tiles are safe to store and handle, and they provide the added benefit of shielding against cosmic radiation.

The TCPS’s Catalytic Oxidizer neutralizes harmful gases released during the compaction process. This ensures that the space environment remains safe and sterile, protecting the crew from possible health hazards.

Sierra Space emphasizes that the TCPS is a leap forward in sustainable space technology. By reclaiming water from waste and using trash tiles for radiation protection, the system minimizes resource wastage and optimizes space use.

Table 2: Waste Processing Comparison

Current Method	TCPS Method
Trash packed in resupply vehicles	Trash compacted into dense, safe tiles
Water from waste not reclaimed	Nearly all water content recovered
Trash burned up during re-entry	Waste stored for use as radiation shielding
No processing of harmful gases	Catalytic Oxidizer neutralizes harmful VOCs

Why TCPS is Crucial for Future Space Missions

Long-Duration Space Travel

Missions to Mars could take anywhere from 6 to 9 months one way. Efficient waste management is not just about hygiene but also about survival. The TCPS will enable astronauts to reclaim valuable resources and minimize the impact of waste on living quarters.

Radiation Protection

One of the biggest threats to astronauts on long-term missions is space radiation. Currently, radiation protection relies on heavy shielding materials that add to the spacecraft’s weight. Using waste tiles as an additional barrier offers a clever and resource-efficient solution.

Health and Safety

In confined spaces like spacecraft, waste buildup can create serious health hazards. Harmful gases and bacteria can endanger the crew if not properly managed. The TCPS ensures a safe and sterile environment by using the Catalytic Oxidizer to neutralize these threats.

New Trash Compactor Bound for the Space Station — The Heat Melt Compactor created a sample trash tile. It compressed the trash to less than one-eighth of its original volume. NASA provided the information.

Future Testing and Deployment

NASA plans to test the TCPS on the ISS by late 2026. The initial ground tests have shown promise, and Sierra Space is finalizing the Flight Unit for space testing. If successful, the TCPS will be a game-changer for long-duration missions.

Initial Design and Review

Sierra Space was first awarded a contract in 2023 and completed the design phase in early 2024. Following rigorous reviews, NASA approved the development of a Flight Unit. The TCPS Ground Unit is already undergoing system evaluations, ensuring its readiness for deployment.

Read more about the Trash Compaction and Processing System and Sierra Space’s advancements in off-world infrastructure here.

Impact on Space Exploration

The TCPS isn’t just a trash compactor. It’s a revolutionary system that supports NASA’s Artemis program, the Lunar Gateway, and even potential Mars colonization efforts. Waste management and resource efficiency are two crucial aspects of establishing a sustainable human presence beyond Earth.

Artemis Missions: The TCPS will ensure efficient waste processing on the Lunar Gateway, supporting the long-term stay of astronauts on the Moon.
Mars Exploration: With journeys to Mars expected to be lengthy, the TCPS provides a solution for handling waste and protecting the crew from radiation.

Facts About Waste Management in Space

Astronauts generate about 2.5 pounds of waste daily.
Wet trash can be more dangerous than dry trash due to bacteria growth.
Compacted trash tiles could serve as building blocks for future space habitats.
The TCPS reduces the need for frequent trash disposal trips back to Earth.
Resource reclamation is crucial, as water in space costs thousands of dollars per gallon.

References

#SpaceExploration, #SierraSpace, #TrashCompactor, #WasteManagement, #NASA, #ArtemisProgram, #SpaceStation, #Sustainability, #RadiationProtection, #WaterReclamation, #FutureMissions, #LongDurationSpaceTravel, #MarsMission, #LunarGateway

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Space Exploration

Chinese Astronauts Safely Return to Earth After Six-Month Space Mission

By Jonathan Bala November 4, 2024

Chinese Astronauts Safely Return to Earth After Six-Month Space Mission

The Chinese Shenzhou-18 crew successfully finished a six-month mission in space. They returned safely to Earth. During this mission, the crew reached several important goals. One milestone was the longest total time a Chinese astronaut has spent in orbit. Another success was the improved teamwork between the space crew and ground control. The crew also did valuable scientific research in a microgravity environment. Microgravity means there is very little gravity, like in space. This achievement shows China’s growing skill and ambitions in exploring space.

Summary

Mission Accomplished: The Shenzhou-18 crew returned after a six-month mission, marking a successful step for China’s space ambitions.
Astronauts in Good Health: All three crew members—Ye Guangfu, Li Cong, and Li Guangsu—are reported to be in good health.
Record-Setting Mission: Commander Ye Guangfu set a record for the longest cumulative time in space by a Chinese astronaut.
Research and Experiments: Significant scientific research was conducted, adding valuable data for future missions.
Successful Extravehicular Activities: The astronauts, working in coordination with ground control, successfully completed spacewalks.
Touchdown Site: The landing occurred at the Dongfeng site in Inner Mongolia.
Pioneering Achievements: The mission highlights China’s advancements and future goals in space exploration.

Chinese Astronauts Safely Return to Earth After Six-Month Space Mission

The Shenzhou-18 crew’s safe return marks another landmark in China’s ambitious space exploration agenda. After six months on the Tiangong space station, the crew—Ye Guangfu, Li Cong, and Li Guangsu—successfully landed at the Dongfeng site in Inner Mongolia, setting a high standard for the nation’s future space endeavors. China’s space program continues to advance with this mission, aiming to establish a permanent presence in low-Earth orbit and laying the foundation for more complex interstellar missions.

“Chinese astronauts have flown to space in successive missions. I believe that the record of the duration in orbit will be broken in the near future.” — Ye Guangfu

The Mission and Its Significance

The Shenzhou-18 mission, launched by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), focused on:

Scientific Research: The mission’s primary objective was to conduct experiments in a microgravity environment. Areas of focus included life sciences, material sciences, and earth observation.
Space Station Maintenance: The crew played a critical role in maintaining and updating the Tiangong space station.
Extravehicular Activities (EVAs): These spacewalks helped to extend the capabilities and ensure the station’s readiness for future crews.

The six-month period allowed the crew to perform an extensive array of scientific and technical tasks that have contributed immensely to China’s space station program.

Table 1: Shenzhou-18 Crew Members and Their Backgrounds

Astronaut	Role	Previous Missions	Notable Achievements
Ye Guangfu	Commander	Shenzhou-13	Longest cumulative time in space by a Chinese astronaut
Li Cong	Crew Member	First Mission	Played key role in extravehicular activities (EVAs)
Li Guangsu	Crew Member	First Mission	Participated in scientific research and station maintenance

Each astronaut brought unique skills to the team:

Ye Guangfu became the first Chinese astronaut to achieve over a year of cumulative time in space. His prior experience on Shenzhou-13 helped to ensure the success of Shenzhou-18.
Li Cong and Li Guangsu, both on their first spaceflight, excelled in scientific research and operational duties on the station, particularly in executing EVAs that supported various mission objectives.

Ye Guangfu, reflecting on the mission, remarked on the “unity and cooperation with ground control,” which was essential in achieving mission success. Each member emphasized the awe-inspiring experience of weightlessness in space, though they looked forward to returning home to Earth.

China’s Shenzhou-18 mission aimed to accomplish complex tasks that align with the country’s long-term goals in space. The mission objectives spanned a range of scientific and logistical goals, including testing new technologies, performing extravehicular activities, and advancing life-support systems.

Scientific Research and Experiments

The Shenzhou-18 crew conducted various experiments that are expected to provide valuable data for future missions. The research was primarily aimed at:

Life Sciences: Studying the effects of prolonged exposure to microgravity on the human body.
Material Science: Testing materials under space conditions for potential applications in manufacturing and engineering on Earth.
Earth Observation: Capturing detailed images and data about Earth’s atmosphere and surface, aiding in environmental and climate research.

These experiments not only enhance China’s capabilities but also contribute to the global understanding of space environments and their impacts on human health and materials.

Table 2: Key Research Areas in the Shenzhou-18 Mission

Research Area	Objective	Importance
Life Sciences	Study human adaptation in space	Insights for long-term space travel
Material Science	Test new materials in space conditions	Applications in aerospace engineering
Earth Observation	Capture data on Earth’s atmosphere	Enhances environmental monitoring

The ground team coordinated with the astronauts to ensure that the experiments were conducted precisely, demonstrating China’s increasing expertise in managing complex operations between Earth and space.

Space missions are inherently challenging due to the harsh conditions of outer space and the demanding requirements of long-term stays. The Shenzhou-18 mission had its share of challenges, which included:

Radiation Exposure: One of the major hazards in space travel is radiation, which can have significant health impacts over time.
Isolation and Confinement: Spending extended periods in space requires mental and physical endurance, as astronauts face prolonged isolation from Earth.
Technical Malfunctions: Although highly trained and equipped, the crew still had to be prepared for potential malfunctions in life-support systems or technical equipment.

Each of these obstacles was managed through a combination of training, technology, and teamwork between the astronauts and ground control.

The Beijing Aerospace Control Center (BACC) played a vital role in the success of this mission. A crucial aspect was the continuous monitoring and management of the spacecraft’s systems, which allowed the crew to focus on their tasks. The return process was closely monitored by BACC to ensure a safe journey back to Earth.

On the technical side, the Shenzhou-18 mission utilized advanced communication systems, allowing seamless data exchange between the Tiangong station and Earth. As a result, real-time updates and instructions were available, enabling the crew to efficiently tackle their tasks.

The Shenzhou-18 crew’s return process began with a command issued by the Beijing Aerospace Control Center. After separating from its orbiting capsule, the return capsule’s brake engine ignited to guide it back to Earth. The capsule finally landed at Dongfeng in Inner Mongolia, a remote region suited for safe landings away from populated areas.

Once the capsule touched down, a ground search team quickly arrived to assist the astronauts. Within less than an hour, all crew members had safely exited the capsule, completing the journey home in good health.

The Significance of This Mission for China’s Space Ambitions

The Shenzhou-18 mission represents China’s growing ambition to establish a permanent human presence in space. With each mission, China strengthens its scientific and technical base, moving closer to creating a sustainable space station program. In the coming years, China plans to extend the capabilities of its Tiangong station to support international collaboration and more complex scientific research.

“We have all enjoyed the unique experience of weightlessness. It is exciting to return to Earth, but we are also unwilling to part from the wonders of space.” — Li Guangsu

China’s dedication to its space program is apparent, with plans for lunar exploration and even Mars missions in the works. The Shenzhou-18 mission is just one step in this grand vision, with Chinese astronauts confident to play a significant role in the future of human space exploration.

The Shenzhou-18 mission is another big success for China’s space program. It shows that China can carry out difficult and long-lasting missions. This mission also strengthens China’s dedication to becoming a top leader in space exploration. The team planned carefully and worked closely with ground control. They executed the mission with precision. As a result, the mission gave important information and broke new records.

As China continues to invest in space, the lessons learned from this mission will contribute to its long-term vision. From enhancing human endurance in space to conducting groundbreaking research, the mission has laid the groundwork for future achievements that could benefit humanity as a whole.

Reference

Xinhua News – Chinese Astronauts Safely Return to Earth

#Shenzhou18, #ChineseSpaceMission, #Tiangong, #SpaceExploration, #AstronautReturn, #SpaceResearch, #SpaceStation, #ChinaSpaceProgram, #MicrogravityResearch

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Space Exploration

Axiom Space: Pioneering the Future of Commercial Spaceflight

By Jonathan Bala August 6, 2024

Axiom Space: Pioneering the Future of Commercial Spaceflight

Axiom Space is a private American space infrastructure developer based in Houston, Texas.
Founded in 2016 by Michael T. Suffredini and Kam Ghaffarian, Axiom Space aims to create the world’s first commercial space station.
The company completed its first crewed spaceflight in 2022 with Axiom Mission 1, sending private astronauts to the ISS.
Axiom Space plans to launch its first commercial module to the ISS by late 2026, eventually detaching and forming an independent space station.
The company’s missions include in-space research, manufacturing, and human spaceflight services for governments and private entities.
Notable personnel include former NASA astronauts and administrators, such as Michael Lopez-Alegria and Peggy Whitson.

Summary

Founders: Michael T. Suffredini, Kam Ghaffarian
Headquarters: Houston, Texas, USA
Founded: 2016
Employees: 790 (as of 2023)
First Mission: Axiom Mission 1 in 2022
Key Services: Human spaceflight, in-space research, manufacturing
Goal: Own and operate the world’s first commercial space station by late 2020s

History and Founding

Axiom Space was founded in 2016 by Michael T. Suffredini and Kam Ghaffarian. Suffredini, previously the program manager for the International Space Station (ISS) from 2005 to 2015, brought extensive experience in space operations. Ghaffarian, an engineer and entrepreneur, sold his company, Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Inc., a major NASA contractor, to KBR in 2018. Together, they targeted the emerging commercial spaceflight market with the vision of building a privately funded space infrastructure.

In its early stages, Axiom Space focused on securing key partnerships and contracts. The company was selected by NASA to provide the first commercial destination module on the ISS, a significant milestone in its journey toward establishing a commercial space station.

NASA Contracts and Commercial Spaceflight

In 2020, Axiom Space was awarded a $140 million contract by NASA to provide at least one habitable spacecraft to attach to the ISS as part of the Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships (NextSTEP) initiative. This contract underscored NASA’s confidence in Axiom’s capabilities and vision. Axiom’s modules are designed to attach to the Harmony forward port on the ISS, with plans to include a node module, a research and manufacturing facility, a crew habitat, and a “large-windowed” module for Earth viewing.

The company’s first commercial astronauts flew to the ISS in 2022 on Axiom Mission 1, marking a significant milestone in commercial spaceflight. This mission was operated by Axiom’s Mission Control Center in Houston and utilized SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft. The mission demonstrated Axiom’s ability to plan, manage, and execute crewed spaceflights.

Axiom Station

Axiom Space’s ultimate goal is to build and operate the world’s first commercial space station, known as Axiom Station. The company plans to launch its modules individually and assemble them in orbit, initially attaching them to the ISS. Before the ISS is retired and reenters Earth’s atmosphere, Axiom plans to detach its modules and operate independently as Axiom Station.

Design and Features

The interior of Axiom Station, designed by French architect Philippe Starck, features walls covered with tufted padding and studded with hundreds of color-changing LEDs, creating a futuristic and comfortable environment. The station will include amenities such as high-speed Wi-Fi, video screens, picture windows, and a glass-walled cupola for stunning views of Earth.

Axiom Space intends to maintain at least one astronaut continuously aboard the station to manage research projects and station repairs. The company’s renderings show how modules might be berthed and relocated on the ISS by the Mobile Servicing System, specifically the Canadarm2, which could continue its operations on Axiom Station after the ISS’s retirement.

Launch Timeline

The first module of Axiom Station is targeted for launch in late 2026, with the station expected to be completed by the late 2020s. Up to three Axiom Space modules could attach to the ISS, with the first docking to the forward port of Harmony. The company plans to send private astronauts to these modules for various missions.

Human Spaceflight Services

Axiom Space provides comprehensive human spaceflight services to individuals, corporations, and space agencies. These services include mission planning, training, hardware development, life support, medical support, crew provisions, hardware and safety certifications, on-orbit operations, and mission management. Missions are typically 10 days long, with the possibility of extension depending on the mission’s focus.

Notable former NASA astronauts, such as Peggy Whitson and Michael Lopez-Alegria, are part of Axiom’s team and serve as commanders for missions. The company also provides astronaut training for commercial and government astronauts, preparing them for the unique challenges of space.

In-Space Research and Manufacturing

Axiom Space aims to commercialize microgravity research and development. Until its modules are operational, the company uses the ISS National Lab for research activities. Microgravity offers unique opportunities for scientific experiments and manufacturing processes that are not possible on Earth.

Notable Missions

Axiom Mission 1 (Ax-1)

Axiom Mission 1, launched on April 8, 2022, was the first privately funded and operated crewed mission to the ISS. The mission was operated by Axiom’s Mission Control Center in Houston and utilized SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. The crew consisted of Michael Lopez-Alegria, Eytan Stibbe from Israel, Larry Connor from the United States, and Mark Pathy from Canada. The mission lasted 17 days and included educational experiments and scientific research.

Axiom Mission 2 (Ax-2)

Axiom Mission 2, launched on May 21, 2023, sent four people to the ISS, including former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson as the mission commander and John Shoffner as the mission pilot. Two astronauts from Saudi Arabia, Ali Alqarni and Rayyanah Barnawi, also participated as mission specialists. The mission lasted 10 days.

Axiom Mission 3 (Ax-3)

Axiom Mission 3, launched on January 18, 2024, was another private crew mission to the ISS. The crew included Michael Lopez-Alegria, Walter Villadei from Italy, Alper Gezeravcı from Turkey, and Marcus Wandt from Sweden. This mission lasted 21 days.

Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4)

Scheduled for launch no earlier than October 2024, Axiom Mission 4 will carry four people to the ISS, including veteran astronaut Peggy Whitson. The crew is expected to include astronauts from Poland, Hungary, and India.

Axiom Mission Control Center

Axiom’s Mission Control Center (MCC-A) in Houston plays a crucial role in the company’s space missions. In January 2022, MCC-A completed its first on-orbit science payload operation on the ISS. By April 2022, MCC-A supported a record number of on-orbit science payload operations and live events for Axiom’s Ax-1 mission. In late 2022, MCC-A became a certified ISS partner Mission Control Center, connected to NASA’s ISS program.

Space Suits for Future Missions

On June 1, 2022, NASA selected Axiom Space to develop and provide astronauts with next-generation spacesuit and spacewalk systems. These suits will be used for missions outside the ISS, as well as on the lunar surface for the Artemis missions, preparing for future human missions to Mars.

Conclusion

Axiom Space is at the forefront of the commercial spaceflight industry, with ambitious plans to create the world’s first commercial space station. By leveraging the experience of its founders and team of former NASA astronauts and administrators, Axiom Space is well-positioned to revolutionize space travel and research. The company’s ongoing missions, partnerships, and innovative designs promise to open new frontiers in space exploration, research, and commercial opportunities.

References

“NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station module“. SpaceNews. January 28, 2020.
“Axiom Raises $130 million“. GeekWire. February 16, 2021. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022.
Foust, Jeff. “Commercial space station developers seek clarity on regulations“. SpaceNews. October 14, 2022. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024.
Wall, Mike. “Want to Take a 10-Day Trip to the Space Station? It’ll Cost You $55 Million“. Space.com. June 14, 2018. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023.
Mack, Eric. “NASA will attach a private room to rent on the International Space Station“. CNET. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022.
“Rising Star – Axiom Space“. SpaceFund. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020.
Mack, Eric. “NASA will attach a private room to rent on the International Space Station“. CNET. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022.
“Axiom Space Names New Executives“. Axiom Space. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022.

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Space Exploration

Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

Technical Issues: Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft faced helium leaks and failing thrusters during its mission.
Testing and Evaluation: NASA and Boeing have conducted extensive testing to address the issues, but concerns remain.
Potential Alternatives: NASA is considering using SpaceX’s Crew Dragon to bring the astronauts back safely.
Decision Pending: NASA has not yet made a final decision on whether to use Starliner or Crew Dragon for the return mission.

Summary

Starliner Mission Overview: Launched eight weeks ago on an Atlas V rocket.
Crew Members: Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams.
Initial Problems: Helium leaks and failing thrusters.
Testing: Ground tests at White Sands and thruster tests in orbit.
Options: NASA evaluating all options, including Crew Dragon.
Delay in Decision: Flight Readiness Review meeting canceled.
SpaceX’s Role: SpaceX studying emergency response and potential crew return scenarios.
Safety Concerns: Discussions about the safety of using Starliner versus Crew Dragon.
Potential Impact: Decision may affect the future of the Starliner program.
NASA’s Challenge: Balancing risk and reward in the final decision.

NASA Explores Solutions to Return Boeing Starliner Crew Safely

Eight weeks after the Starliner spacecraft launched, NASA is still looking for possible answers to its technical issues—including the possibility of SpaceX lending a hand.

It has now been eight weeks since Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft launched into orbit on an Atlas V rocket, bound for the International Space Station. At the time, NASA officials said the two crew members, Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, could return to Earth as soon as June 14, just eight days later.

Yes, there had been some problems on Starliner’s ride to the space station that involved helium leaks and failing thrusters. But officials said they were relatively minor and sought to downplay them. “Those are pretty small, really, issues to deal with,” Mark Nappi, vice president and manager of Boeing’s Commercial Crew Program, said during a post-docking news conference. “We’ll figure them out for the next mission. I don’t see these as significant at all.”

But days turned to weeks, and weeks turned to months as NASA and Boeing continued to study the two technical problems. Of these issues, the more pressing concern was the failure of multiple reaction control system thrusters that are essential to steering Starliner during its departure from the space station and setting up a critical engine burn to enter Earth’s atmosphere.

In the last few weeks, ground teams from NASA and Boeing completed testing of a thruster on a test stand at White Sands, New Mexico. Then, last weekend, Boeing and NASA fired the spacecraft’s thrusters in orbit to check their performance while docked at the space station. NASA has said preliminary results from these tests were helpful.

Dragon Becomes a Real Option

One week ago, the last time NASA officials spoke to the media, the agency’s program manager for commercial crew, Steve Stich, would not be drawn into discussing what would happen should NASA conclude that Starliner’s thrusters were not reliable enough for the return journey to Earth.

“Our prime option is to complete the mission,” Stich said one week ago. “There are a lot of good reasons to complete this mission and bring Butch and Suni home on Starliner. Starliner was designed, as a spacecraft, to have the crew in the cockpit.”

For a long time, it seemed almost certain that the astronauts would return to Earth inside Starliner.

However, there has been a lot of recent activity at NASA, Boeing, and SpaceX that suggests that Wilmore and Williams could come home aboard a Crew Dragon spacecraft rather than Starliner. Due to the critical importance of this mission, Ars is sharing what we know as of Thursday afternoon.

One informed source said it was greater than a 50-50 chance that the crew would come back on Dragon. Another source said it was significantly more likely than not they would. To be clear, NASA has not made a final decision. This probably will not happen until at least next week. It is likely that Jim Free, NASA’s associate administrator, will make the call.

Asked if it was now more likely than not that Starliner’s crew would return on Dragon, NASA spokesperson Josh Finch told Ars on Thursday evening,

“NASA is evaluating all options for the return of agency astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams from the International Space Station as safely as possible. No decisions have been made, and the agency will continue to provide updates on its planning.”

What follows are some data points that Ars can confidently report based on multiple sources:

NASA keeps delaying a decision: A Flight Readiness Review meeting had been scheduled for today, August 1, several days in advance. However, it was canceled. Instead, NASA put out a vague blog update on Thursday stating, “Following the completion of Starliner’s return planning, which is expected to continue into next week, more information will be shared about the agency’s return readiness review preparations and subsequent media briefing.” So maybe the meeting will take place next week.
NASA issued a $266,678 task award to SpaceX on July 14 for a “special study for emergency response.” NASA said this study was not directly related to Starliner’s problems, but two sources told Ars it really was. Although the study entailed work on flying more than four crew members home on Crew Dragon—a scenario related to Frank Rubio and the Soyuz MS-22 leaks—it also allowed SpaceX to study flying Dragon home with six passengers, a regular crew complement in addition to Wilmore and Williams.
SpaceX has been actively working on a scenario in which two or four astronauts launch on board Crew 9: (A normal crew is four) This mission has a nominal launch date of August 18, but it could well be delayed. SpaceX has already identified flight suits that would fit Wilmore and Williams, allowing them to fly home on the Crew-8 spacecraft (presently docked to the space station) or the Crew-9 vehicle. It is unclear how crews would be assigned to the two Dragon return flights. It is possible, if four astronauts launch on Crew 9, that five people could fly home on each of the two Dragons.
Two sources told Ars that in meetings this week at NASA field centers, there have been vigorous discussions about whether or not to fly crew home on Starliner: Multiple groups remain “no” on Starliner as of Wednesday. It is unclear how this will be resolved. Some engineers believe that if there are questions about Starliner, then NASA should opt for the safe course—flying on Crew Dragon, which has safely launched 13 times and landed 12 times.

Making Difficult Calls

NASA officials face a difficult decision. Because there is still at least a small risk to flying Starliner in its present condition, the space agency and Boeing have tested the thrusters as thoroughly as possible while the spacecraft is docked to the space station. This testing was intended to “buy down” these risks. But while the data is good, it has not addressed all of NASA’s concerns.

So what will the space agency do? Starliner probably could make it back to Earth safely. But there appears to be some reasonable doubt that Starliner will come back safely. If NASA defers to its fallback plan, flying on Dragon, it may spell the end of the Starliner program. During the development and testing of Starliner, the company has already lost $1.6 billion. Reflying a crew test flight mission, which likely would be necessary should Starliner return autonomously, would cost much more. Boeing might opt to cancel Starliner and leave NASA with just a single provider of crew transportation. That would be painful for both NASA and Boeing.

But the alternative—Starliner not coming home safely with the crew inside—is far, far worse. This is the risk-reward decision that Free, Stich, and other NASA officials ultimately must balance in the coming days.

Table 1: Key Events in Starliner’s Mission

Date	Event	Description
Launch	Eight weeks ago	Starliner launched on an Atlas V rocket.
Initial Issues	Shortly after launch	Helium leaks and failing thrusters detected.
Testing	Last few weeks	Ground and in-orbit thruster tests conducted by NASA and Boeing.
Task Award	July 14	NASA issued a task award to SpaceX for emergency response study.
Flight Review	Scheduled for August 1	Flight Readiness Review meeting scheduled and later canceled.

Table 2: Potential Scenarios for Crew Return

Scenario	Description	Likelihood (As of Now)
Return on Starliner	Crew returns on the original Starliner spacecraft.	Less than 50%
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-8)	Crew returns on the Crew-8 spacecraft currently docked at the space station.	Significant possibility
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-9)	Crew returns on the Crew-9 spacecraft scheduled for launch on August 18.	Possible, if launch occurs
Mixed Crew Dragon Scenario	A combination where some crew return on Crew-8 and others on Crew-9.	Under consideration

Conclusion

NASA faces a challenging decision in determining the safest way to return the Starliner crew. With ongoing concerns about Starliner’s thrusters, the reliable alternative of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon is being seriously considered. The ultimate choice will have significant implications for both NASA and Boeing, balancing safety, risk, and the future of the Starliner program.

Sources:

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Space Exploration

Astronauts Can Now Enjoy 4K Streaming Video Aboard the Space Station

By Jonathan Bala July 25, 2024

Astronauts Can Now Enjoy 4K Streaming Video Aboard the Space Station

NASA has developed a new laser communication system enabling 4K video streaming to the International Space Station (ISS). The system uses a relay involving a research aircraft, ground stations, and a satellite to transfer data. This high-bandwidth technology will benefit scientific data transfer and astronaut communications. The development is part of the preparation for the Artemis lunar landing missions.

Summary

NASA researchers have developed a system that allows 4K video streaming on the ISS.
The system uses a laser terminal installed on a research aircraft and a relay satellite.
The project involved multiple organizations, including the Air Force Research Laboratory.
The new technology promises better communication and data transfer for future space missions.
High bandwidth is crucial for the success of the upcoming Artemis missions.
Laser communication provides a higher data transfer rate compared to radio waves.
The project tested the technology with multiple flights over Lake Erie.
The system improves video conferencing and scientific data transfer on the ISS.
The development includes a new protocol, High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking, to handle cloud penetration.
Laser communications will play a core role in NASA’s future space projects.

Astronauts Can Now Enjoy 4K Streaming Video Aboard the Space Station — A picture shows how laser communications work between the International Space Station (ISS), a special satellite, and the Earth. This special satellite is called the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) spacecraft. NASA’s Dave Ryan made this picture.

Introduction

In a groundbreaking development, astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) can now enjoy high-definition 4K streaming video, thanks to NASA’s innovative laser communication system. This technological advancement marks a significant milestone in space communications, enhancing the quality and efficiency of data transfer from space to Earth.

The Challenge of Space Communication

For years, space travelers have relied on radio waves to transmit data and information to and from space. While radio waves have provided reliable communication, they come with limitations, particularly in video quality. High-definition streaming has become a standard expectation on Earth, but it has remained elusive for astronauts until now.

The Power of Laser Communication

Laser communication presents a promising alternative to radio waves. By utilizing infrared light, laser communication can transmit data 10 to 100 times faster than traditional radio-based systems. This significant increase in data transfer rate is essential for high-definition video streaming and the vast amount of scientific data generated during space missions.

NASA’s Breakthrough

A team of researchers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland has successfully developed and tested a laser communication system capable of streaming 4K video to the ISS. This project was part of a series of tests aimed at preparing for the Artemis lunar landing missions, which will require high-quality live video coverage.

The development of this laser communication system involved collaboration between NASA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research program. Together, they installed a temporary laser terminal on the bottom of a Pilatus PC-12 aircraft, a pressurized single-engine aircraft. The aircraft flew over Lake Erie in Cleveland, sending data to a nearby ground station.

The Relay Process

The data from the ground station was then sent over Earth-based infrastructure to White Sands, NASA’s test facility in New Mexico. Here, the data was translated into an infrared signal and transmitted to NASA’s experimental Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) satellite, orbiting Earth at an altitude of about 35,000 kilometers. The LCRD satellite received the infrared signal and relayed it to the ISS via the Integrated LCRD LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T).

High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking

One of the critical components of this new communication system is the High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking protocol. This protocol enhances the system’s ability to penetrate clouds and other atmospheric conditions that might interfere with data transmission. The multiple test flights by the Pilatus aircraft allowed researchers to identify and address any issues, improving the system’s functionality with each test.

Applications and Benefits

While the primary purpose of this high-bandwidth system is not to stream movies in high definition, the technology offers numerous benefits for scientific data transfer and astronaut communications. High-definition video conferencing will aid mission efficiency and help maintain astronaut morale and well-being. Additionally, the ability to capture and transmit high-quality video data will significantly enhance the documentation of space missions.

Preparing for Artemis Missions

The upcoming Artemis missions to the Moon and beyond are driving the development of high-bandwidth data transfer technologies. The success of these missions will rely heavily on robust communication systems capable of handling large volumes of data and providing real-time video coverage. NASA’s embrace of laser communications as a core component of their future projects highlights the importance of this technology in advancing space exploration.

Table 1: Advantages of Laser Communication Over Radio Waves

Feature	Laser Communication	Radio Waves
Data Transfer Rate	10 to 100 times higher	Lower
Video Quality	High-definition (4K)	Low-definition
Atmospheric Penetration	Enhanced with HRDTN	Limited
Bandwidth	Higher	Lower

Table 2: Key Components of NASA’s Laser Communication System

Component	Description
Pilatus PC-12 Aircraft	Research aircraft used for initial data transmission
Ground Station	Receives data from the aircraft and sends it to Earth-based infrastructure
White Sands Test Facility	Translates data into infrared signal
Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Satellite	Receives and relays the infrared signal to the ISS
Integrated LCRD LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T)	Relays data from the LCRD satellite to the ISS

Conclusion

The ability to stream 4K video aboard the International Space Station is a testament to NASA’s innovative approach to space communication. By harnessing the power of laser communication, researchers have significantly enhanced the quality and efficiency of data transfer, paving the way for more advanced and effective space missions in the future.

Source: www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/glenn/nasa-streams-first-4k-video-from-aircraft-to-space-station-back/

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#NASA, #LaserCommunication, #4KStreaming, #ISS, #SpaceStation, #SpaceExploration, #ArtemisMissions, #HighBandwidth, #SpaceTechnology, #ScienceData

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