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Space Exploration

Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

Technical Issues: Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft faced helium leaks and failing thrusters during its mission.
Testing and Evaluation: NASA and Boeing have conducted extensive testing to address the issues, but concerns remain.
Potential Alternatives: NASA is considering using SpaceX’s Crew Dragon to bring the astronauts back safely.
Decision Pending: NASA has not yet made a final decision on whether to use Starliner or Crew Dragon for the return mission.

Summary

Starliner Mission Overview: Launched eight weeks ago on an Atlas V rocket.
Crew Members: Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams.
Initial Problems: Helium leaks and failing thrusters.
Testing: Ground tests at White Sands and thruster tests in orbit.
Options: NASA evaluating all options, including Crew Dragon.
Delay in Decision: Flight Readiness Review meeting canceled.
SpaceX’s Role: SpaceX studying emergency response and potential crew return scenarios.
Safety Concerns: Discussions about the safety of using Starliner versus Crew Dragon.
Potential Impact: Decision may affect the future of the Starliner program.
NASA’s Challenge: Balancing risk and reward in the final decision.

NASA Explores Solutions to Return Boeing Starliner Crew Safely

Eight weeks after the Starliner spacecraft launched, NASA is still looking for possible answers to its technical issues—including the possibility of SpaceX lending a hand.

It has now been eight weeks since Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft launched into orbit on an Atlas V rocket, bound for the International Space Station. At the time, NASA officials said the two crew members, Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, could return to Earth as soon as June 14, just eight days later.

Yes, there had been some problems on Starliner’s ride to the space station that involved helium leaks and failing thrusters. But officials said they were relatively minor and sought to downplay them. “Those are pretty small, really, issues to deal with,” Mark Nappi, vice president and manager of Boeing’s Commercial Crew Program, said during a post-docking news conference. “We’ll figure them out for the next mission. I don’t see these as significant at all.”

But days turned to weeks, and weeks turned to months as NASA and Boeing continued to study the two technical problems. Of these issues, the more pressing concern was the failure of multiple reaction control system thrusters that are essential to steering Starliner during its departure from the space station and setting up a critical engine burn to enter Earth’s atmosphere.

In the last few weeks, ground teams from NASA and Boeing completed testing of a thruster on a test stand at White Sands, New Mexico. Then, last weekend, Boeing and NASA fired the spacecraft’s thrusters in orbit to check their performance while docked at the space station. NASA has said preliminary results from these tests were helpful.

Dragon Becomes a Real Option

One week ago, the last time NASA officials spoke to the media, the agency’s program manager for commercial crew, Steve Stich, would not be drawn into discussing what would happen should NASA conclude that Starliner’s thrusters were not reliable enough for the return journey to Earth.

“Our prime option is to complete the mission,” Stich said one week ago. “There are a lot of good reasons to complete this mission and bring Butch and Suni home on Starliner. Starliner was designed, as a spacecraft, to have the crew in the cockpit.”

For a long time, it seemed almost certain that the astronauts would return to Earth inside Starliner.

However, there has been a lot of recent activity at NASA, Boeing, and SpaceX that suggests that Wilmore and Williams could come home aboard a Crew Dragon spacecraft rather than Starliner. Due to the critical importance of this mission, Ars is sharing what we know as of Thursday afternoon.

One informed source said it was greater than a 50-50 chance that the crew would come back on Dragon. Another source said it was significantly more likely than not they would. To be clear, NASA has not made a final decision. This probably will not happen until at least next week. It is likely that Jim Free, NASA’s associate administrator, will make the call.

Asked if it was now more likely than not that Starliner’s crew would return on Dragon, NASA spokesperson Josh Finch told Ars on Thursday evening,

“NASA is evaluating all options for the return of agency astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams from the International Space Station as safely as possible. No decisions have been made, and the agency will continue to provide updates on its planning.”

What follows are some data points that Ars can confidently report based on multiple sources:

NASA keeps delaying a decision: A Flight Readiness Review meeting had been scheduled for today, August 1, several days in advance. However, it was canceled. Instead, NASA put out a vague blog update on Thursday stating, “Following the completion of Starliner’s return planning, which is expected to continue into next week, more information will be shared about the agency’s return readiness review preparations and subsequent media briefing.” So maybe the meeting will take place next week.
NASA issued a $266,678 task award to SpaceX on July 14 for a “special study for emergency response.” NASA said this study was not directly related to Starliner’s problems, but two sources told Ars it really was. Although the study entailed work on flying more than four crew members home on Crew Dragon—a scenario related to Frank Rubio and the Soyuz MS-22 leaks—it also allowed SpaceX to study flying Dragon home with six passengers, a regular crew complement in addition to Wilmore and Williams.
SpaceX has been actively working on a scenario in which two or four astronauts launch on board Crew 9: (A normal crew is four) This mission has a nominal launch date of August 18, but it could well be delayed. SpaceX has already identified flight suits that would fit Wilmore and Williams, allowing them to fly home on the Crew-8 spacecraft (presently docked to the space station) or the Crew-9 vehicle. It is unclear how crews would be assigned to the two Dragon return flights. It is possible, if four astronauts launch on Crew 9, that five people could fly home on each of the two Dragons.
Two sources told Ars that in meetings this week at NASA field centers, there have been vigorous discussions about whether or not to fly crew home on Starliner: Multiple groups remain “no” on Starliner as of Wednesday. It is unclear how this will be resolved. Some engineers believe that if there are questions about Starliner, then NASA should opt for the safe course—flying on Crew Dragon, which has safely launched 13 times and landed 12 times.

Making Difficult Calls

NASA officials face a difficult decision. Because there is still at least a small risk to flying Starliner in its present condition, the space agency and Boeing have tested the thrusters as thoroughly as possible while the spacecraft is docked to the space station. This testing was intended to “buy down” these risks. But while the data is good, it has not addressed all of NASA’s concerns.

So what will the space agency do? Starliner probably could make it back to Earth safely. But there appears to be some reasonable doubt that Starliner will come back safely. If NASA defers to its fallback plan, flying on Dragon, it may spell the end of the Starliner program. During the development and testing of Starliner, the company has already lost $1.6 billion. Reflying a crew test flight mission, which likely would be necessary should Starliner return autonomously, would cost much more. Boeing might opt to cancel Starliner and leave NASA with just a single provider of crew transportation. That would be painful for both NASA and Boeing.

But the alternative—Starliner not coming home safely with the crew inside—is far, far worse. This is the risk-reward decision that Free, Stich, and other NASA officials ultimately must balance in the coming days.

Table 1: Key Events in Starliner’s Mission

Date	Event	Description
Launch	Eight weeks ago	Starliner launched on an Atlas V rocket.
Initial Issues	Shortly after launch	Helium leaks and failing thrusters detected.
Testing	Last few weeks	Ground and in-orbit thruster tests conducted by NASA and Boeing.
Task Award	July 14	NASA issued a task award to SpaceX for emergency response study.
Flight Review	Scheduled for August 1	Flight Readiness Review meeting scheduled and later canceled.

Table 2: Potential Scenarios for Crew Return

Scenario	Description	Likelihood (As of Now)
Return on Starliner	Crew returns on the original Starliner spacecraft.	Less than 50%
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-8)	Crew returns on the Crew-8 spacecraft currently docked at the space station.	Significant possibility
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-9)	Crew returns on the Crew-9 spacecraft scheduled for launch on August 18.	Possible, if launch occurs
Mixed Crew Dragon Scenario	A combination where some crew return on Crew-8 and others on Crew-9.	Under consideration

Conclusion

NASA faces a challenging decision in determining the safest way to return the Starliner crew. With ongoing concerns about Starliner’s thrusters, the reliable alternative of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon is being seriously considered. The ultimate choice will have significant implications for both NASA and Boeing, balancing safety, risk, and the future of the Starliner program.

Sources:

yes-nasa-really-could-bring-starliners-astronauts-back-on-crew-dragon/

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#NASA, #Starliner, #SpaceX, #CrewDragon, #Astronauts, #SpaceExploration, #Boeing, #Safety, #SpaceStation, #ThrusterIssues

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Space Exploration

Understanding the Sun’s Corona: Why Is It So Hot?

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Understanding the Sun’s Corona: Why Is It So Hot?

The Sun’s corona is at least 100 times hotter than its surface, despite being far less dense.
Recent studies, particularly those involving NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, are shedding light on the mechanisms behind the corona’s extreme heat.
Magnetic switchbacks, S-shaped bends in the magnetic field, play a crucial role in the corona’s heating process.
Two main hypotheses for switchbacks’ origins are from solar wind activity past the corona or from the Sun’s surface.
New findings suggest switchbacks do not originate from the Sun’s surface but possibly form within the solar wind outside the corona.
Understanding switchbacks is essential for predicting space weather and protecting Earth’s satellites and electronic systems.

Summary

Temperature Difference: The Sun’s corona is significantly hotter than its surface, posing a scientific mystery.
Parker Solar Probe: NASA’s mission to study the Sun’s magnetic field and switchbacks.
Magnetic Switchbacks: Sudden reversals in the magnetic field that store and potentially release energy.
Hypotheses: Two main theories for switchbacks’ origins involve solar wind activity or the Sun’s surface.
Study Results: Recent studies suggest switchbacks do not originate from the Sun’s surface.
Historical Context: Earlier missions like Helios and Ulysses observed magnetic field reversals and switchbacks.
Implications: Understanding the corona’s heating mechanisms can help predict space weather and protect Earth’s technological infrastructure.
Future Research: Ongoing and future studies aim to uncover more details about the origins and effects of switchbacks.

Understanding the Sun’s Corona: Why Is It So Hot?

The Sun, our nearest star, has fascinated scientists for centuries. One of its most puzzling features is the corona. The corona is a halo of plasma that surrounds the Sun. This halo extends millions of miles into space. The Sun’s surface is known as the photosphere. The photosphere has temperatures around 5,500 degrees Celsius (9,932 degrees Fahrenheit). However, the corona can reach temperatures of millions of degrees Celsius. This huge temperature difference has puzzled scientists. They have conducted extensive research and exploration to understand it better.

The Sun’s corona is much hotter than its surface. It is at least 100 times hotter. However, the corona is far less dense than the surface. This difference in temperature is surprising. People usually think that temperature should drop as you move away from a heat source. But, in the case of the Sun, the opposite happens. Scientists have studied this mystery for a long time. They still search for the exact reasons behind it.

In 2018, NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe to understand the Sun’s corona. This mission aims to study the outer corona and the solar wind. The corona is the Sun’s outer atmosphere. The probe flies closer to the Sun than any previous spacecraft. It has made significant strides in uncovering mysteries of the Sun’s magnetic field. It also studies the role of magnetic switchbacks. Magnetic switchbacks are sudden reversals in the Sun’s magnetic field direction.

Magnetic switchbacks are S-shaped bends in the Sun’s magnetic field that cause sudden reversals in the field’s direction. These switchbacks are thought to store energy from the magnetic field, which might contribute to heating the corona and accelerating the solar wind. The Parker Solar Probe has provided valuable data on these switchbacks, helping scientists explore their origins and effects.

“That energy has to go somewhere, and it could be contributing to heating the corona and accelerating the solar wind.” — Dr. Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, University of Michigan

Competing Hypotheses

The scientific community has proposed two main hypotheses regarding the origin of switchbacks:

Solar Wind Activity: This theory suggests that switchbacks originate from the magnetic field bending due to the extreme activity of the solar wind beyond the corona.
Sun’s Surface: This hypothesis posits that switchbacks originate from processes on the Sun’s surface.

Recent Study Findings

A recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal analyzed data from the Parker Solar Probe’s first 14 laps around the Sun. The study aimed to determine the source of switchbacks and their role in heating the corona. The researchers found that switchbacks do not originate from the Sun’s surface. This conclusion was based on the lack of switchbacks observed within the corona itself. If the Sun’s surface were the origin, the number of switchbacks inside the corona would be significantly higher.

“Our theory could fill the gap between the two schools of thought on S-shaped switchback generation mechanisms.” — Dr. Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti

Historical Context of Magnetic Field Reversal Studies

The study of the Sun’s magnetic field reversal dates back to the 1970s with the German-US Helios spacecraft. Helios-1 and Helios-2 provided the first observations of this reversal behavior. These missions were followed by the NASA/ESA Ulysses probe, which studied the Sun’s polar regions and observed switchbacks in the 1990s.

Observations and Data Collection

The Parker Solar Probe broke previous records by traveling closer to the Sun than any other spacecraft, reaching a distance of 7.26 million kilometers (4.51 million miles) from the Sun in September 2023. These observations have been crucial in understanding the magnetic switchbacks and their implications for the Sun’s corona.

Understanding the origin and behavior of switchbacks is essential for predicting space weather, which can significantly impact Earth. Space weather can cause massive damage to orbiting satellites and electronic ground stations, affecting communication, navigation, and power systems.

The insights gained from studying the Sun’s corona and switchbacks can also help scientists understand other stars throughout the universe. The processes observed in our Sun can provide a model for studying the formation, evolution, and behavior of other stars, contributing to the broader field of stellar physics.

Conclusion

The Sun’s corona remains one of the most intriguing aspects of our closest star. With the help of advanced missions like NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, scientists are making significant strides in understanding the magnetic phenomena that contribute to the corona’s extreme heat. These discoveries not only enhance our knowledge of the Sun but also have practical implications for predicting and mitigating the effects of space weather on Earth. As research continues, we can expect to uncover even more about the mysterious and dynamic processes that govern our Sun and other stars in the universe.

Tables

Mission	Year	Distance from Sun (km)	Observations
Helios-1	1974	46 million	Magnetic field reversal
Helios-2	1976	43.432 million	Magnetic field reversal
Parker Solar Probe	2018 (ongoing)	7.26 million (2023)	Magnetic switchbacks, solar wind

Hypothesis	Description	Support
Solar Wind Activity	Switchbacks originate from the bending of the magnetic field due to solar wind activity past the corona.	Supported by lack of switchbacks within the corona.
Sun’s Surface	Switchbacks originate from the Sun’s surface processes.	Recent studies suggest this hypothesis is unlikely.

Hashtags

#Sun, #Corona, #SolarProbe, #MagneticSwitchbacks, #SpaceWeather, #NASA, #SolarWind, #Astrophysics, #SpaceExploration, #Helios, #Ulysses, #SolarOrbiter, #StellarPhysics, #ScienceResearch

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How Our Sun Can Permanently Capture Rogue Planets: New Study Reveals

By Jonathan Bala August 2, 2024

How Our Sun Can Permanently Capture Rogue Planets: New Study Reveals

Interstellar objects (ISOs) like ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov have passed through our Solar System, confirming that ISOs are common and regularly visit us. Recent research has identified a region in the Solar System where objects can be permanently captured by the Sun’s gravity. This region allows captured objects, including comets, asteroids, and potentially rogue planets, to remain in stable orbits around the Sun indefinitely. The study was conducted by Edward Belbruno of Yeshiva University and James Green of NASA, and presented at Heidelberg University and ESA’s Operations Centre. Captured objects in this region can exhibit chaotic motion but still maintain stable orbits due to the combined gravitational influences of the Sun and the Milky Way. This new understanding could help in detecting and studying rogue planets and other ISOs captured by our Solar System.

Summary

Interest in ISOs ignited in 2017 with the flyby of ‘Oumuamua.
A new study shows a region where the Sun can permanently capture ISOs.
Captured objects, including rogue planets, remain in stable orbits.
The study used a three-body simulation involving an ISO, the Sun, and the Milky Way.
Gravitational forces from the Milky Way, including dark matter, play a crucial role.
The region exhibits a fractal-like, repeating pattern that stabilizes orbits.
Perturbations in Solar System bodies’ orbits could indicate captured rogue planets.
These findings enhance understanding of gravitational dynamics and ISO studies.

Main Article

Interest in interstellar objects (ISOs) soared in 2017 when ‘Oumuamua, a mysterious cigar-shaped object, zipped through our Solar System. This historic event marked the first confirmed detection of an ISO, igniting curiosity and speculation about these cosmic wanderers. Two years later, another ISO, the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov, passed through our celestial neighborhood, reinforcing the idea that ISOs are not just rare occurrences but rather frequent visitors. These encounters have led astronomers to theorize about the frequency and behavior of ISOs within our Solar System.

In a groundbreaking study, researchers have identified a region in our Solar System where objects from interstellar space can be permanently captured by the Sun’s gravitational pull. This discovery holds significant implications for the study of ISOs and the future of space exploration. The research was led by Edward Belbruno, a mathematics professor at Yeshiva University, and James Green, the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA. Their findings, presented in a paper titled “Permanent Capture into the Solar System,” have been shared at Heidelberg University and the European Space Agency’s Operations Centre (ESOC).

How Our Sun Can Permanently Capture Rogue Planets New Study Reveals — Oumuamua

To understand how these objects are captured, Belbruno and Green used a simplified three-body model, involving an ISO, the Sun, and the Milky Way. This model allowed them to simulate the motion of a captured object under the influence of gravitational forces. Their analysis revealed that when ISOs are caught by the Sun’s gravity, they can enter a state known as “permanent capture.” In this state, the objects remain in orbit around the Sun indefinitely, never colliding with it. Additionally, these objects can experience “weak capture,” where they are gradually drawn into a stable orbit around the Sun.

One of the most fascinating aspects of this study is the chaotic motion exhibited by captured objects in this region. Despite their seemingly unpredictable paths, these objects follow a complex, repeating pattern similar to a fractal. This pattern, akin to the famous Mandelbrot set in mathematics, contributes to the stability of the captured object’s orbit. As Belbruno explained to Astrobiology contributor Keith Cowing, “The combined gravitational forces of the Sun and the Milky Way play a crucial role in this process. The galaxy’s gravitational field, including the effects of dark matter, significantly influences how objects are captured.”

The findings of this study have far-reaching implications for ISO research and space missions. The ability of the Sun to capture and retain interstellar objects opens up new possibilities for detecting and studying these celestial bodies. As Belbruno noted, “The discovery not only enhances our understanding of gravitational dynamics but also opens up new possibilities for detecting and studying these fascinating celestial bodies. As we continue to explore the cosmos, who knows what other secrets the universe holds about the objects that have joined our solar family?”

In addition to comets and asteroids, the Sun’s gravitational pull could also capture rogue planets. Recent research suggests that there could be trillions of rogue planets in the Milky Way, ejected from their original solar systems over time. These planets, wandering through interstellar space, could be drawn into our Solar System and remain in stable orbits around the Sun. The gravitational influence of these captured rogue planets could cause perturbations in the orbits of other bodies in the Solar System, providing astronomers with clues about their presence.

Similar to how astronomers have used the orbits of Kuiper Belt Objects to search for evidence of Planet 9 (aka Planet X), they could use perturbations in the orbits of Solar System bodies to infer the presence of captured rogue planets. This method could become a valuable tool in the search for these elusive objects. The discovery of captured ISOs and rogue planets would not only enhance our understanding of the dynamics of our Solar System but also provide valuable insights into the nature and origins of these celestial wanderers.

The arrival of ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov has led to numerous proposals for spacecraft missions to rendezvous with future ISOs. Concepts like the Interstellar Object Explorer (IOE) aim to study these objects up close, gathering data that could reveal their composition, origins, and potential for carrying the building blocks of life. Missions to captured ISOs within our Solar System could provide an unprecedented opportunity to study interstellar materials without the need for long-duration space travel.

Conclusion

The discovery of a region in our Solar System where the Sun can permanently capture interstellar objects is a significant milestone in our understanding of gravitational dynamics and the behavior of ISOs. The work of Edward Belbruno and James Green has opened up new avenues for research and exploration, providing valuable insights into the nature of these cosmic wanderers. As we look to the future, the study of captured ISOs and rogue planets will continue to be a fascinating and rewarding endeavor, revealing the secrets of our Solar System and beyond.

Table 1: Key Interstellar Objects and Their Characteristics

Object	Type	Year of Discovery	Notable Features
‘Oumuamua	Interstellar Object	2017	First confirmed ISO, cigar-shaped
2I/Borisov	Interstellar Comet	2019	First confirmed interstellar comet
Potential Captured ISOs	Various	Ongoing	Detected through perturbations in orbits

Table 2: Proposed Missions to Interstellar Objects

Mission Name	Objective	Status
Interstellar Object Explorer (IOE)	Study ISOs up close	Concept
Comet Interceptor	Rendezvous with an undiscovered comet	Planned
ESA’s Hera Mission	Study the Didymos binary asteroid system	Planned

References

“Study Finds Rogue Planets Can Become Permanently Trapped in Sun’s Orbit.” Astrobiology, June 2024. Available at: https://astrobiology.com/2024/06/study-finds-rogue-planets-can-become-permanently-trapped-in-suns-orbit.html
Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University. Available at: https://www.yu.edu/katz
Planetary Science Division, NASA. Available at: https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/
Belbruno, E., Green, J. “Permanent Capture into the Solar System.” arXiv, July 2024. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09560
European Space Agency Operations Centre (ESOC). Available at: https://esoc.esa.int/
Keith Cowing, Astrobiology. Available at: https://astrobiology.com/author/keith_cowing
“Study Finds Rogue Planets Can Become Permanently Trapped in Sun’s Orbit.” Astrobiology, June 2024. Available at: https://astrobiology.com/2024/06/study-finds-rogue-planets-can-become-permanently-trapped-in-suns-orbit.html
Belbruno, E., Green, J. “Permanent Capture into the Solar System.” arXiv, July 2024. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09560

Hashtags

#InterstellarObjects, #SolarSystem, #Astronomy, #SpaceExploration, #RoguePlanets, #CosmicWanderers, #NASA, #Astrobiology, #FractalPatterns, #ISOs

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Indian Scientists Discover 34 New Alien Radio Sources Using GMRT Near Pune

By Jonathan Bala August 2, 2024

Indian Scientists Discover 34 New Alien Radio Sources Using GMRT Near Pune

Indian researchers used the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune. They discovered 34 new giant radio sources (GRSs). These are objects in space that emit strong radio waves. This important discovery helps us understand the universe’s largest structures. It also shows India’s growing role in space exploration.

Summary

Giant Radio Galaxies (GRGs): Radio galaxies crossing millions of light-years.
Discovery: Indian researchers found 34 new GRSs using GMRT.
Significance: Challenges existing theories about GRS growth and behavior.
Research Team: PhD students Netai Bhukta, Souvik Manik, and astronomers Sabyasachi Pal, Sushanta K Mondal.
Data Source: TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS) conducted between 2010-2012.
Facility: GMRT, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), near Pune.
Implications: Offers insights into intergalactic medium and black hole interactions.
Future Plans: Detailed analyses and multiwavelength observations.

Discovery of Giant Radio Sources

Giant Radio Galaxies (GRGs) are special types of radio galaxies. They have grown to sizes that span millions of light-years. For perspective, the Milky Way galaxy is about 100,000 light-years wide. GRGs are much larger, stretching across millions of light-years. This immense size makes GRGs rare and hard to detect. One possible way GRGs form is through powerful radio jets from a galaxy. These jets extend into almost empty regions of space between galaxies, known as intergalactic space.

The Indian Breakthrough

In an astonishing leap forward for astronomy, a team of Indian researchers has uncovered 34 new GRSs using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). This discovery, not only a testament to India’s growing prominence in the field of space exploration, provides fresh insights into the enigmatic behavior of the universe’s largest and most mysterious structures.

This groundbreaking discovery stems from the TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS), conducted between 2010 and 2012. Covering about 90% of the sky at 150 MHz, the survey has become a treasure trove for astronomers. The team, comprising PhD students Netai Bhukta and Souvik Manik, and astronomers Sabyasachi Pal and Sushanta K Mondal, delved into the TGSS Alternative Data Release 1, leveraging GMRT’s exceptional sensitivity at low frequencies to uncover these colossal structures.

Significance of the Discovery

Giant radio sources are cosmic behemoths, stretching millions of light-years across and representing the final stage of radio galaxy evolution. Their sheer size and rarity have long puzzled scientists. The recent discovery of 34 new GRSs, among the most distant ever detected, challenges the prevailing theories about their growth. Notably, two of these objects defy the conventional understanding that GRSs predominantly expand in low-density environments, suggesting that other factors contribute to their enormous size.

The Role of GMRT in the Discovery

The Facility

The GMRT, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), is situated near Khodad village, 90 km north of Pune. This state-of-the-art facility has placed India at the forefront of radio astronomy, enabling scientists to peer deep into the universe and uncover its secrets. The success of this discovery underscores India’s growing capabilities and ambitions in space research, marking a significant milestone for the country’s scientific community.

Technical Specifications

Feature	Details
Location	Near Khodad village, 90 km north of Pune
Operator	National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA)
Frequency Range	150 MHz
Survey Coverage	90% of the sky
Notable Discoveries	34 new Giant Radio Sources

Importance of Low-Frequency Observations

The GMRT’s exceptional sensitivity at low frequencies was crucial for this discovery. Low-frequency observations are particularly effective for detecting the extended radio emissions characteristic of GRSs. By examining these frequencies, the researchers could identify and study the faint signals emitted by these enormous structures.

Implications for Astronomy

Understanding the Intergalactic Medium

The study of GRSs is not merely an academic exercise; it has profound implications for our understanding of the universe. These giant structures provide critical insights into the behavior of the intergalactic medium and the complex interactions between black holes and their surrounding environments. By examining these massive entities, scientists can better understand the distribution of matter in the cosmos and the forces shaping the evolution of galaxies.

Black Hole Interactions

GRSs are often powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. The radio jets emitted by these black holes can extend for millions of light-years, interacting with the surrounding intergalactic medium. These interactions can reveal much about the physics of black holes and the environments in which they exist.

Challenges to Existing Theories

The discovery of 34 new GRSs, including two that defy conventional understanding, challenges existing theories about their growth and behavior. These findings suggest that other factors, beyond low-density environments, may contribute to the expansion of these giant structures. This opens new avenues for research and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving their growth.

Future Research and Analyses

Detailed Multiwavelength Observations

With plans to present new GRS samples in forthcoming articles, the researchers aim to conduct detailed analyses based on multiwavelength observations. These studies will further unravel the mysteries surrounding the formation and growth of giant radio sources, contributing to our broader understanding of the universe.

Collaboration and International Impact

The success of this discovery highlights the importance of international collaboration in the field of astronomy. By working with researchers and institutions worldwide, Indian scientists can leverage global expertise and resources to advance our understanding of the cosmos.

Future Prospects

Aspect	Future Plans
New GRS Samples	Presentation in forthcoming articles
Multiwavelength Observations	Detailed analyses to understand formation
International Collaboration	Leveraging global expertise and resources
Expanding Research	Further studies on GRS growth and behavior

Conclusion

The discovery of 34 new giant radio sources using the GMRT near Pune is a significant milestone in the field of astronomy. This groundbreaking achievement not only highlights India’s growing capabilities in space research but also provides valuable insights into the universe’s largest and most mysterious structures. By challenging existing theories and opening new avenues for research, this discovery marks a new chapter in our understanding of the cosmos.

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NASA Countdown Begins: Most Powerful Human Spaceflight Ever

By Jonathan Bala August 1, 2024

NASA Countdown Begins: Most Powerful Human Spaceflight Ever

NASA is gearing up for the most powerful human spaceflight ever with the Artemis II mission, utilizing the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. This mission marks a significant milestone in space exploration, setting the stage for future lunar missions and ultimately, Mars exploration.

Summary

The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket is being prepared for the Artemis II mission, scheduled for no earlier than September 2025.
The SLS rocket’s core stage, equipped with four RS-25 engines, was moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on July 24.
The RS-25 engines, converted from the Space Shuttle Program, include engines with previous spaceflight experience.
The SLS rocket, with its core stage and solid rocket boosters, provides 8.8 million pounds of thrust at liftoff.
NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, along with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, will fly in the Orion capsule for a 10-day mission around the moon.
Artemis II aims to validate the life-support systems of the Orion capsule in preparation for Artemis III, which plans to return humans to the lunar surface in 2026.
The mission will mark significant milestones: Glover as the first Black man, Koch as the first woman, and Hansen as the first Canadian to travel beyond low-Earth orbit.
Delays in the Artemis program are primarily due to issues with the Orion capsule’s heat shield and other technical challenges.
The Artemis program is a major part of NASA’s budget, with the Artemis III mission projected to cost $93 billion since 2012.
Future SLS launches face cost challenges, but competition from SpaceX and Blue Origin may offer more affordable options.
NASA aims to land humans on Mars by 2040 as part of the long-term Artemis program goals.

NASA Countdown Begins Most Powerful Human Spaceflight Ever — An illustration of a nice deep space planet background

Main Article

The launch clock isn’t set yet, but the hardware is lined up for what would become the most powerful rocket to ever send humans into space during a moonbound trip the likes of which has not happened in more than 50 years. The biggest piece of the Space Launch System rocket, the 212-foot-long core stage, crept its way into the massive Vehicle Assembly Building on July 24, where work will begin to prepare it for the Artemis II launch set for no earlier than September 2025.

“The clock’s already started,” said John Honeycutt, NASA SLS program manager. “We’ve got a great deal of work to do to get the rocket ready to go fly.”

The core stage sports four RS-25 engines converted by Melbourne-based L3Harris’ Aerojet Rocketdyne from the retired stock of the Space Shuttle Program. Two of the engines have previously flown on a combined 20 shuttle missions, while the other pair are making their debuts. Engine 2047 flew on STS-135, the final launch of the program on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2011.

Also no stranger to KSC are the casings from the two solid rocket boosters fabricated by Northrop Grumman. They had previously supported space shuttle missions but were regularly fished out of the ocean for refurbishment. Those two boosters sit broken down into five segments each just north of the VAB at the Rotation, Processing, and Surge Facility.

Combined, the core stage and the boosters provide 8.8 million pounds of thrust on liftoff. Their next launch will make the SLS the most powerful rocket to ever send humans into space. NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen will ride in the Lockheed Martin-built Orion capsule for what’s planned to be a 10-day trip around the moon.

Doug Hurley, a former NASA astronaut and now an executive with Northrop Grumman who flew on both shuttle missions and the first human spaceflight of SpaceX Crew Dragon, has tried to give the astronauts an idea of what their ride might be like.

“The ride on the booster for 126 seconds, I just said it’s gonna be the most incredible ride of your life. Because really, the acceleration is eye-watering,” Hurley said.

The shuttle rides used boosters made up of four segments versus the five that are stacked for SLS, and with Orion on top of the core stage, it will be more like the Apollo astronauts’ rides on the Saturn V rocket.

“Being on the top of the stack and feeling the steering … can’t wait to hear the story,” he said.

Their goal is to ensure the Orion capsule’s life-support systems work, setting up the Artemis III mission no earlier than September 2026. That mission aims to return humans, including the first woman, to the lunar surface for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.

The Artemis II quartet, though, will still travel more than 230,000 miles from Earth, and while not landing on the moon, flying beyond low-Earth orbit is a feat that also has not been accomplished by humans since the final Apollo flight. Glover will become the first Black man to make the trip, Koch the first woman, and Hansen the first Canadian. All 24 of the astronauts who made the trip during nine Apollo missions to the moon between 1968 and 1972 were white American men. Six of those missions sent 12 of those men to the lunar surface.

Delays and Uncertainty

The 2025 launch date for Artemis’ first human spaceflight is nearly a year behind the schedule laid out after the successful launch of Artemis I in November 2022. A roughly two-year gap between the uncrewed debut and the first crewed mission was thought to be enough time to pore over the Artemis I data and work through any issues. But a series of major bumps in the road became evident and one of them has yet to have a final solution revealed by NASA.

That’s the fact that the protective coating on Orion’s heat shield lost a lot more material, some in fist-sized chunks, than what was expected. The ultimate solution for the Orion capsule will be the major domino holding up the process of stacking the SLS to get ready for launch. Managers won’t begin putting it together vertically until they know there will be a spacecraft coming to top it off, but even though this is the second time around, NASA managers expect to face some hurdles.

“There’s always something that happens, you know, something spills on something, some test didn’t work as planned,” said Chris Cianciola, the SLS deputy program manager. “So you triage it all the way. You don’t want to wait ’til you get out to the launch pad to find out you got a problem.”

For now, a completed Orion capsule is expected to be delivered to the VAB by Oct. 31. If NASA signals no delay, then the first placement of the solid rocket boosters in the VAB could begin in September. NASA has built in a one-year lifespan limiter for the solid rocket boosters, a clock that starts ticking the moment the second segment is placed atop the first. That’s expected to happen in the late fall, which would keep Artemis II on its launch target timeline.

Another limiting factor in stacking is getting back to the VAB the mobile launcher on which SLS and Orion will sit. Currently parked at KSC’s Launch Pad 39-B, it has had to go through a series of repairs after the Artemis I launch tore parts of it to shreds.

“These are the largest solid rocket motors on the planet, and when that vehicle lifts off from the mobile launcher, that plume has to go someplace,” said Shawn Quinn, program manager for Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) based at KSC. “As the vehicle gets higher up, that plume spreads out, and it’s a very, very strong force. … Forget about the heat for a moment, but if the person was standing there, they’d be blown out to kingdom come.”

EGS crews also have had to install emergency exit apparatus such as the zipline cages and crew access arm changes so the humans on board can have a chance to survive if something goes wrong on the pad. Quinn said that work is “nearly done” and the mobile launcher should be back at the VAB in time for stacking.

Cost and Criticism

The Artemis program now controls the majority of NASA’s annual budget this year, surpassing the overall science mission budget for the first time as the agency’s top-funded segment. The enacted fiscal 2024 budget comes out to more than $7.6 billion of NASA’s overall $24.875 billion budget. Because the Artemis program involves so many commercial partners, it has a lot of support across Congress, which ultimately approves the budget. So while the science budget request was cut by more than $500 million from the Biden administration request this fiscal year, the Artemis campaign programs were nearly fully funded.

NASA’s Office of the Inspector General has continued to audit the growing costs of the Artemis program, with a 2023 report stating that the Artemis III missions will cost the country $93 billion since its inception in 2012. That’s billions more than envisioned with delays and cost increases plaguing the leadup to Artemis I. The SLS rocket represents 26% of that cost to the tune of $23.8 billion, with a giant chunk spent on the first and second launch hardware.

The audit forecasts future SLS launches to cost more than $2.5 billion each, although NASA has laid out a plan to reduce those costs by half, something the OIG deemed “highly unrealistic” and a threat to its deep-space exploration plans. The audit, though, notes that while SLS is the only viable option now for NASA, competition from SpaceX Starship and Blue Origin’s New Glenn rockets may help level the playing field for NASA’s plans.

“Although the SLS is the only launch vehicle capable of transporting both crew and cargo to the moon in a single mission, its high cost threatens the affordability and sustainability of NASA’s Artemis missions,” the audit stated. “The Agency has taken steps to lower production costs by requiring future SLS rockets to be produced with new, non-refurbished RS-25 engines and solid rocket booster segments. NASA also seeks to reduce per-mission costs to $1.5 billion or less, a goal we find highly unrealistic based on current costs.”

In its response, NASA said it would be up to private companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin to take up the challenge to provide the vehicles for the next missions to deep space with a target of 2040 for humans to land on Mars. Even for now, a version of Starship is slated to provide the human lunar lander for the Artemis III mission.

But for now, the focus is on getting SLS ready for humans to make the trip around the moon and back. Honeycutt said that while there were still a lot of milestones to hit before launch, he expects to be able to meet them.

“We got to stay focused,” he said. “We don’t have the budget to start over. We got to press forward with what we got and make it work.”

Tables

Table 1: Artemis II Mission Details

Aspect	Description
Launch Date	No earlier than September 2025
Duration	10 days
Astronauts	Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, Jeremy Hansen
Distance	More than 230,000 miles from Earth
Objective	Validate Orion’s life-support systems
Next Mission	Artemis III (Return humans to the lunar surface)

Table 2: Space Launch System (SLS) Rocket Specifications

Component	Specification
Core Stage	212 feet long, 4 RS-25 engines
Solid Rocket Boosters	5 segments each, refurbished from Shuttle Program
Thrust	8.8 million pounds at liftoff
Payload Capacity	95 metric tons to low Earth orbit
Cost Per Launch	Over $2.5 billion

Conclusion

The countdown to NASA’s most powerful human spaceflight ever is well underway. With the Artemis II mission, the Space Launch System rocket is set to achieve a historic milestone in space exploration. As NASA prepares to send astronauts around the moon, the success of this mission will pave the way for future lunar landings and the eventual goal of human exploration on Mars. Despite the challenges and costs, the Artemis program represents a bold step forward in humanity’s quest to explore the cosmos.

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Satellite Launches

Elon Musk’s SpaceX Ready for 5th Starship Test Flight

By Jonathan Bala July 31, 2024

Elon Musk’s SpaceX Ready for 5th Starship Test Flight

SpaceX is preparing for its fifth Starship test flight. Static fires were ignited at SpaceX’s Starbase facility in South Texas on July 26. Elon Musk anticipates the next flight in “four weeks.” Starship is the largest and most powerful rocket ever built. Starship’s four previous test flights have shown progressive improvements. NASA has selected Starship as its first crewed lunar lander for the Artemis program. SpaceX is exploring potential recovery and landing operations in Australia.

Summary

SpaceX’s Starship: Biggest and most powerful rocket.
Static Fires: Conducted on July 26, indicating imminent test flight.
Elon Musk’s Statement: Anticipates next flight in four weeks.
Starship Structure: Two stages – Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy booster.
Reusability: Designed for full and rapid reuse.
Previous Test Flights: Conducted in April 2023, November 2023, March 2024, and June 2024.
Progressive Improvements: Each flight showing better results.
NASA’s Artemis Program: Starship selected as the first crewed lunar lander.
Australia Collaboration: Potential recovery and landing operations off Australia’s coast.
Security Ties: Strengthening ties between the US and Australia.
Static Fire Visuals: Stunning visuals of the Starship’s engines during static fire tests.
SpaceX’s Future Plans: Expanding presence and capabilities globally.

The fourth flight of Starship brought us closer to a rapidly reusable future pic.twitter.com/maSky0Rsjy

— SpaceX (@SpaceX) July 4, 2024

Elon Musk’s SpaceX Ready for 5th Starship Test Flight

As SpaceX prepares for its fifth Starship test flight, the excitement and anticipation within the aerospace community are palpable. On July 26, 2024, SpaceX ignited the engines of its Starship spacecraft at the Starbase facility near Brownsville, South Texas. This crucial step brings SpaceX closer to another milestone in its ambitious space exploration agenda.

Static fires are a vital component of pre-launch preparations. They involve the brief ignition of the rocket’s engines while the vehicle remains securely anchored to a test pad. This allows engineers to assess engine performance and ensure everything is functioning correctly. On July 26, SpaceX conducted static fires with the 165-foot-tall Starship upper stage, reinforcing Elon Musk’s July 5 statement that the Starship will fly again “in four weeks.”

Starship: The Giant of Rockets

Standing nearly 400 feet tall when fully stacked, Starship is the largest and most powerful rocket ever built. It consists of two stages: the spacecraft Starship and the booster called Super Heavy. Both stages are designed to be fully and rapidly reusable, a revolutionary feature aimed at reducing the cost of space travel.

Component	Height	Purpose
Starship	165 feet	Spacecraft
Super Heavy	230 feet	Booster

Previous Test Flights

Starship has undergone four test flights so far, each demonstrating significant advancements:

April 2023: The first flight showcased the basic flight capabilities of Starship.
November 2023: Improvements in control and stability were evident.
March 2024: The spacecraft reached space and successfully re-entered Earth’s atmosphere.
June 2024: Both the Starship and Super Heavy achieved their respective mission goals, with Super Heavy hitting its splashdown target in the Gulf of Mexico.

Each test flight has brought spaceX closer to a fully operational reusable space system, showcasing the potential for a new era in space travel.

NASA’s Artemis Program: A Major Milestone

NASA has selected SpaceX’s Starship as the first crewed lunar lander for its Artemis program. This program aims to return humans to the moon and establish a sustainable presence. Starship’s power, size, and reusability make it an ideal candidate for this ambitious endeavor.

Expanding Horizons: Collaborations with Australia

In addition to its U.S.-based operations, SpaceX is exploring potential recovery and landing operations off the coast of Australia. This collaboration reflects the strengthening security ties between the United States and Australia. It also signifies a potential expansion of SpaceX’s global presence and capabilities.

Slow motion view of Flight 5 Starship’s six Raptor engines during static fire pic.twitter.com/5395Vmq2j4

— SpaceX (@SpaceX) July 27, 2024

Visuals and Updates: Engaging the Public

SpaceX has been proactive in engaging the public by sharing stunning visuals and updates of its test flights and preparations. For instance, the slow-motion view of Flight 5 Starship’s six Raptor engines during the static fire was widely appreciated on social media.

“The fourth flight of Starship brought us closer to a rapidly reusable future,” SpaceX tweeted on July 4, 2024, along with visuals from the test flight.

Flight	Date	Outcome
Flight 1	April 2023	Basic flight capabilities demonstrated
Flight 2	November 2023	Improved control and stability
Flight 3	March 2024	Reached space and successfully re-entered atmosphere
Flight 4	June 2024	Achieved mission goals, Super Heavy splashdown success

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Space Exploration

SpaceX Launches Two Starlink Missions in Quick Succession: Back-to-Back Success

By Jonathan Bala July 28, 2024

SpaceX Launches Two Starlink Missions in Quick Succession: Back-to-Back Success

SpaceX successfully launched two Falcon 9 rockets within five hours, deploying Starlink satellites from both coasts. The launches marked a swift recovery from a previous failure on July 11. Both missions achieved full success, with all satellites deployed into low Earth orbit. The rapid succession of launches demonstrated SpaceX’s operational efficiency and resilience.

Summary

Two Falcon 9 launches occurred on July 28, 2024, less than five hours apart.
First launch: 1:09 a.m. EDT from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, carrying 23 Starlink satellites.
Second launch: 5:22 a.m. EDT from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, carrying 21 Starlink satellites.
Both missions were successful: rockets’ first stages landed on ships at sea, and satellites were deployed as planned.
July 27 launch: marked the return-to-flight mission after a July 11 failure.
July 11 failure: due to a liquid oxygen leak in the upper stage, caused by a cracked pressure sensor line.
Corrective measures: SpaceX removed the faulty sensor and implemented alternatives to prevent recurrence.
Operational milestone: 14th mission for the Falcon 9 first stage and the 300th reflight of a SpaceX booster.

SpaceX Launches Two Starlink Missions in Quick Succession Back-to-Back Success — The first part of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket stands on a ship’s deck. It just launched 21 Starlink satellites from California on July 28, 2024. (Image credit: SpaceX)

Main Article

SpaceX has demonstrated remarkable resilience and operational efficiency by launching two Starlink missions within five hours on July 28, 2024. This back-to-back success marked a significant recovery after a launch failure earlier in the month.

The Launches

The first launch occurred at 1:09 a.m. EDT from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. A Falcon 9 rocket, topped with 23 Starlink satellites, lifted off smoothly. This mission was the 14th for this Falcon 9 first stage, highlighting SpaceX’s commitment to reusability and cost-effectiveness. The company celebrated the 300th reflight of a SpaceX booster with this mission, showcasing their advancement in rocket technology.

Less than five hours later, at 5:22 a.m. EDT, another Falcon 9 rocket launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. This mission carried 21 Starlink satellites, 13 of which have the capability to beam service directly to cell phones, broadening the scope of SpaceX’s satellite internet service.

Both missions were executed flawlessly. The first stages of the rockets landed precisely on drone ships stationed at sea, and the upper stages deployed the satellites into their intended low Earth orbits.

Swift Recovery from July 11 Failure

This operational success came after a setback on July 11, when a Falcon 9 launch failed due to a liquid oxygen leak in the upper stage. The leak was traced to a crack in a pressure sensor line, preventing the rocket from performing an orbit-raising burn. Consequently, the 20 Starlink satellites onboard were deployed into lower orbits than planned.

SpaceX’s quick investigation and corrective measures ensured that the problem would not recur. According to a company update on July 25, the faulty sensor and sense line were removed from the second-stage engine for near-term launches. Alternate sensors already present on the engine were used to cover the removed sensor’s functions, ensuring flight safety and reliability.

Achievements and Milestones

The rapid succession of these launches underscores SpaceX’s capability to handle and rectify technical issues promptly while maintaining an ambitious launch schedule. The July 28 launches marked several milestones:

14th mission for the Falcon 9 first stage: demonstrating its reusability.
300th reflight of a SpaceX booster: a testament to the durability and reliability of their rockets.
Deployment of satellites with direct-to-cell capability: expanding the functionality of the Starlink constellation.

These achievements not only highlight SpaceX’s technological prowess but also its operational resilience and adaptability.

Detailed Breakdown

Mission	Launch Time (EDT)	Launch Site	Payload	First Stage	Landing Site
First Launch (July 28, 2024)	1:09 a.m.	Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida	23 Starlink satellites	14th mission	Drone ship at sea
Second Launch (July 28, 2024)	5:22 a.m.	Vandenberg Space Force Base, California	21 Starlink satellites	–	Drone ship at sea

Future Implications

The success of these missions has several implications for SpaceX and the broader aerospace industry:

Increased Confidence in Reusability: The repeated use of Falcon 9 first stages underscores the viability of reusable rocket technology, paving the way for more cost-effective space missions.
Enhanced Satellite Internet Coverage: The deployment of Starlink satellites with direct-to-cell capability can significantly improve global internet connectivity, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
Operational Efficiency: The ability to conduct multiple launches in quick succession showcases SpaceX’s operational maturity, setting a high standard for launch cadence and reliability.

Technical Specifications

Component	Specification
Falcon 9 Rocket	Two-stage reusable rocket
Payload	Starlink satellites
First Stage	14th mission (1st launch), reusable
Second Stage	Equipped with alternate sensors
Landing Site	Drone ships at sea
Launch Sites	Cape Canaveral, Vandenberg Space Force Base

Conclusion

SpaceX’s successful launch of two Falcon 9 rockets within five hours on July 28, 2024, represents a significant achievement in space exploration and satellite deployment. This back-to-back success not only showcases the company’s technical prowess and resilience but also reinforces the potential of reusable rocket technology in making space more accessible and cost-effective. The rapid recovery from the July 11 failure and the flawless execution of these missions highlight SpaceX’s commitment to innovation and excellence in the aerospace industry.

Sources

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Space Exploration

SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket Launches Return Following FAA Green Light

By Jonathan Bala July 27, 2024

SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket Launches Return Following FAA Green Light

SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rockets have resumed launches after a temporary pause due to a failure on July 11. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) cleared SpaceX to return to flight operations on July 25, following corrective measures for the anomaly. The successful relaunch on July 26 marks a significant step forward, allowing SpaceX to continue its space missions with an improved focus on safety and reliability. Upcoming missions include both crewed and uncrewed flights, with high-profile projects like the Polaris Dawn mission and the Crew-9 mission scheduled in the near future.

Summary

FAA Green Light: SpaceX received approval from the FAA to resume Falcon 9 launches.
July 11 Failure: The anomaly was caused by a crack in a pressure sensor line, leading to an oxygen leak.
SpaceX’s Response: The company has removed the faulty sensor lines and implemented corrective actions.
Successful Launch: On July 26, SpaceX launched a Falcon 9 rocket carrying Starlink satellites.
Upcoming Missions: Includes Polaris Dawn, a private spacewalk mission, and the Crew-9 mission to the ISS.
Starship Tests: SpaceX is preparing for the fifth test flight of its Starship/Super Heavy system.
FAA Oversight: The FAA will continue to monitor SpaceX’s activities to ensure safety.

Introduction

SpaceX, the aerospace company founded by Elon Musk, has made headlines once again with the resumption of its Falcon 9 rocket launches. After a failed mission on July 11, which led to a temporary halt in operations, the company received a crucial green light from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on July 25. This approval was a significant step in getting SpaceX back on track with its ambitious space exploration plans.

The July 11 Failure

On July 11, 2024, a Falcon 9 rocket experienced a significant failure that halted SpaceX’s flight schedule. The issue was traced to a crack in a pressure sensor line for the upper stage’s liquid-oxygen system. This crack caused an oxygen leak, which in turn led to degraded performance of the upper-stage engine. The failure resulted in the loss of 20 Starlink satellites that were intended to enhance SpaceX’s high-speed internet network.

The problem was identified as a fatigue crack in the sense line, which is crucial for monitoring the pressure of the liquid-oxygen system. According to SpaceX, the crack was caused by high loading from engine vibrations and a looseness in the clamp that normally holds the line in place. This malfunction led to excessive cooling of engine components during a planned coast phase, resulting in a hard start upon engine restart and damage to the hardware.

SpaceX took immediate action to address the issue. The company worked under FAA oversight to pinpoint the root cause and develop a corrective strategy. They removed the faulty sense lines and sensors from the upper stages of upcoming Falcon 9 rockets. As a result, the company could clear the way for the resumption of flights.

“The sensor is not used by the flight safety system and can be covered by alternate sensors already present on the engine,” SpaceX explained in a statement.

Resumption of Launches

Following the FAA’s green light, SpaceX quickly got back to its flight schedule. On July 26, 2024, the company successfully launched a Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The launch was notable for several reasons:

Timing: The rocket lifted off at 1:45 a.m. ET (05:45 GMT), demonstrating SpaceX’s ability to resume operations with minimal delay.
Mission Objective: Like the failed July 11 mission, this launch also carried a batch of SpaceX’s Starlink satellites to low Earth orbit.
Launch Success: The launch appeared to proceed without incident. The first-stage booster successfully landed on a drone ship in the Atlantic Ocean, while the second stage deployed 23 Starlink satellites into orbit.

The FAA’s evaluation of the July 11 failure concluded that there were no public safety issues involved. The agency’s determination allowed Falcon 9 rockets to return to flight operations while the overall investigation into the anomaly remained open. This decision reflects the FAA’s confidence in SpaceX’s ability to manage safety and address issues promptly.

Upcoming Missions and Future Prospects

SpaceX has several high-profile missions lined up, which include both crewed and uncrewed flights. These missions are critical for the company’s continued success and its role in advancing space exploration.

Polaris Dawn Mission

One of the upcoming missions is the Polaris Dawn mission, which is privately funded and led by billionaire entrepreneur Jared Isaacman. Scheduled for late summer, the Polaris Dawn mission will feature the first private-sector spacewalk. Isaacman has indicated that while there will be some additional training before launch, he remains confident in SpaceX’s capabilities:

“There are training currency requirements. We will likely have a few days of sim and EVA refreshers before launch. Most importantly, we have complete confidence in SpaceX and they have managed the 2nd stage anomaly and resolution. We will launch when ready and it won’t be long,” Isaacman said in a recent update.

Crew-9 Mission

Another significant mission involves delivering a quartet of astronauts, including both U.S. and Russian crew members, to the International Space Station (ISS). NASA’s Crew-9 mission is currently set for launch no earlier than August 18, 2024. NASA’s Commercial Crew Program Manager Steve Stich has emphasized the importance of transparency and safety:

“We’ve been following along, step by step with that investigation that the FAA has been doing. SpaceX has been very transparent.”

Uncrewed Dragon Cargo Capsule

Additionally, an uncrewed Dragon cargo capsule is scheduled for launch to the ISS no earlier than September 2024. This mission will continue to support the ISS with essential supplies and equipment.

Starship/Super Heavy Test Flights

spaceX is also making progress with its Starship/Super Heavy launch system, which is crucial for future deep space missions. The company has conducted successful static-fire tests of both the Super Heavy booster and the Starship second stage. The upcoming fifth test flight is anticipated to involve a new flight profile:

Booster Landing: Unlike previous missions where the booster splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico, the new plan involves having the booster land back at Starbase using two giant arms known as “chopsticks.”
FAA Licensing: This change in the flight profile may require a re-evaluation of SpaceX’s FAA license for Starship test flights.

Conclusion

SpaceX’s ability to resume Falcon 9 launches following the FAA’s green light is a testament to the company’s resilience and commitment to safety. The successful launch on July 26 and the planned upcoming missions reflect SpaceX’s ongoing efforts to advance space exploration and commercial spaceflight. With continued oversight from the FAA and rigorous testing of new technologies, SpaceX is poised to maintain its position as a leading player in the aerospace industry.

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Earth Observation Satellites

The Risk of Artificial Satellites Falling to Earth: What You Need to Know

By Jonathan Bala July 26, 2024

The Risk of Artificial Satellites Falling to Earth: What You Need to Know

Artificial satellites and space debris pose significant risks both in orbit and upon re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere. The increasing amount of space junk threatens satellites, astronauts, and even people on the ground. Understanding the current state of space debris, its potential impacts, and preventive measures is crucial for maintaining the safety and sustainability of space operations.

Summary

What is Space Junk?: Human-made debris orbiting Earth, including defunct satellites and broken spacecraft.
Current Space Junk Statistics: Over 29,000 tracked pieces, with trillions of smaller, untracked fragments.
Problems Caused by Space Junk: Potential damage to operational spacecraft, satellites, and risk of debris falling to Earth.
Space Junk Falling to Earth: 200 to 400 pieces annually, mostly burning up but occasionally causing incidents.
Notable Space Junk Incidents: High-profile crashes and collisions involving space debris and satellites.
Environmental Impact: Possible atmospheric pollution and ozone layer depletion from burning debris.

What is Space Junk?

Space junk, also known as space debris, refers to any man-made object left in orbit around Earth that no longer serves a useful purpose. This debris can include:

Defunct Satellites: Satellites that have completed their missions but remain in orbit.
Broken Spacecraft: Pieces of spacecraft that have collided or broken apart.
Rocket Parts: Components of rockets that were used to launch objects into space.
Tiny Paint Flecks: Minute pieces of paint or other materials that have been chipped off from spacecraft.

Types of Space Debris

Large Debris: Includes defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from major collisions.
Medium Debris: Pieces from the breakup of larger objects or collisions.
Small Debris: Paint flakes, bolts, and other tiny fragments that are too small to track but still pose a threat.

The Risk of Artificial Satellites Falling to Earth: What You Need to Know — Panoramic view of space debris floating in the orbit of planet Earth. Old satellites, rockets of support, pieces of metal are a threat because they can collide with the new satellites. 3D illustration

How Much Space Junk is There Right Now?

Currently, scientists track over 29,000 pieces of space debris larger than a softball, according to the European Space Agency (ESA). This includes about 3,000 defunct satellites that are left in orbit, as reported by the Natural History Museum of London.

However, the majority of space junk is too small to be tracked. Estimates suggest there are over 100 trillion untracked fragments, mostly less than 0.4 inches (1 cm) wide. Even these tiny pieces can cause significant damage due to the high velocities involved.

Table 1: Space Debris Statistics

Type of Debris	Tracked Pieces	Untracked Pieces
Large Debris	29,000	N/A
Medium Debris	N/A	N/A
Small Debris	N/A	100 trillion

Why is Space Junk a Problem?

Space junk presents several problems:

Collision Risk: Objects in orbit travel at speeds exceeding 15,600 mph (25,200 km/h). Even small debris can cause catastrophic damage if it collides with operational spacecraft.
Historical Incidents: In 2016, a small paint fleck hit a window on the International Space Station (ISS), leaving a quarter-inch dent. The high-speed impact highlighted the risk posed by even tiny fragments.
Chain Reactions: Collisions between debris can create even more fragments, leading to a chain reaction known as the Kessler Syndrome, which exacerbates the problem.

Can Space Junk Fall to Earth?

Yes, space junk does fall to Earth. On average, 200 to 400 pieces of tracked space debris re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere each year. Most of these are small enough to burn up completely before reaching the ground. However, larger objects can sometimes survive re-entry and land on Earth.

Notable Space Junk Incidents

August 2022: A chunk of a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft landed on a sheep farm in Australia.
March 8, 2024: A piece of space debris crashed into a Florida family’s home. NASA confirmed it was part of a cargo pallet from the ISS.
May 2024: Large chunks of SpaceX Dragon capsules crash-landed in North Carolina and Saskatchewan.

Table 2: Recent Space Junk Incidents

Date	Incident	Location	Details
August 2022	SpaceX Crew Dragon chunk	Australia	Landed on a sheep farm
March 8, 2024	Space debris crash	Florida, USA	Damaged a home; part of ISS cargo pallet
May 2024	SpaceX Dragon capsule chunk	North Carolina, Canada	Crash-landed on properties

Space Junk Incidents in Orbit

Space junk incidents also occur in orbit:

February 10, 2009: A defunct Russian spacecraft collided with a U.S. Iridium satellite, creating over 2,300 pieces of debris.
March 2021: A Russian rocket fragment destroyed a Chinese military satellite.
June 2021: A small piece of space debris damaged the ISS’s robotic arm.

These incidents underscore the growing problem of space debris and the need for improved management and mitigation strategies.

Environmental Impact

Recent studies suggest that deorbiting space debris may contribute to atmospheric pollution and possibly affect the ozone layer. As debris burns up upon re-entry, it can release metal contaminants into the atmosphere. Further research is needed to understand the full environmental impact.

Preventive Measures and Future Directions

Addressing the space junk problem involves several strategies:

Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines: Implementing practices to minimize debris creation, such as designing spacecraft to deorbit at the end of their mission.
Active Debris Removal: Developing technologies to capture and remove large pieces of debris from orbit.
International Cooperation: Establishing global treaties and agreements to manage and reduce space debris effectively.

Conclusion

The increasing amount of space junk poses significant risks to satellites, spacecraft, and people on Earth. Understanding the current state of space debris, its potential impacts, and preventive measures is crucial for maintaining the safety and sustainability of space operations.

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Space Exploration

Astronauts Can Now Enjoy 4K Streaming Video Aboard the Space Station

By Jonathan Bala July 25, 2024

Astronauts Can Now Enjoy 4K Streaming Video Aboard the Space Station

NASA has developed a new laser communication system enabling 4K video streaming to the International Space Station (ISS). The system uses a relay involving a research aircraft, ground stations, and a satellite to transfer data. This high-bandwidth technology will benefit scientific data transfer and astronaut communications. The development is part of the preparation for the Artemis lunar landing missions.

Summary

NASA researchers have developed a system that allows 4K video streaming on the ISS.
The system uses a laser terminal installed on a research aircraft and a relay satellite.
The project involved multiple organizations, including the Air Force Research Laboratory.
The new technology promises better communication and data transfer for future space missions.
High bandwidth is crucial for the success of the upcoming Artemis missions.
Laser communication provides a higher data transfer rate compared to radio waves.
The project tested the technology with multiple flights over Lake Erie.
The system improves video conferencing and scientific data transfer on the ISS.
The development includes a new protocol, High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking, to handle cloud penetration.
Laser communications will play a core role in NASA’s future space projects.

Astronauts Can Now Enjoy 4K Streaming Video Aboard the Space Station — A picture shows how laser communications work between the International Space Station (ISS), a special satellite, and the Earth. This special satellite is called the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) spacecraft. NASA’s Dave Ryan made this picture.

Introduction

In a groundbreaking development, astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) can now enjoy high-definition 4K streaming video, thanks to NASA’s innovative laser communication system. This technological advancement marks a significant milestone in space communications, enhancing the quality and efficiency of data transfer from space to Earth.

The Challenge of Space Communication

For years, space travelers have relied on radio waves to transmit data and information to and from space. While radio waves have provided reliable communication, they come with limitations, particularly in video quality. High-definition streaming has become a standard expectation on Earth, but it has remained elusive for astronauts until now.

The Power of Laser Communication

Laser communication presents a promising alternative to radio waves. By utilizing infrared light, laser communication can transmit data 10 to 100 times faster than traditional radio-based systems. This significant increase in data transfer rate is essential for high-definition video streaming and the vast amount of scientific data generated during space missions.

NASA’s Breakthrough

A team of researchers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland has successfully developed and tested a laser communication system capable of streaming 4K video to the ISS. This project was part of a series of tests aimed at preparing for the Artemis lunar landing missions, which will require high-quality live video coverage.

The development of this laser communication system involved collaboration between NASA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research program. Together, they installed a temporary laser terminal on the bottom of a Pilatus PC-12 aircraft, a pressurized single-engine aircraft. The aircraft flew over Lake Erie in Cleveland, sending data to a nearby ground station.

The Relay Process

The data from the ground station was then sent over Earth-based infrastructure to White Sands, NASA’s test facility in New Mexico. Here, the data was translated into an infrared signal and transmitted to NASA’s experimental Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) satellite, orbiting Earth at an altitude of about 35,000 kilometers. The LCRD satellite received the infrared signal and relayed it to the ISS via the Integrated LCRD LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T).

High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking

One of the critical components of this new communication system is the High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking protocol. This protocol enhances the system’s ability to penetrate clouds and other atmospheric conditions that might interfere with data transmission. The multiple test flights by the Pilatus aircraft allowed researchers to identify and address any issues, improving the system’s functionality with each test.

Applications and Benefits

While the primary purpose of this high-bandwidth system is not to stream movies in high definition, the technology offers numerous benefits for scientific data transfer and astronaut communications. High-definition video conferencing will aid mission efficiency and help maintain astronaut morale and well-being. Additionally, the ability to capture and transmit high-quality video data will significantly enhance the documentation of space missions.

Preparing for Artemis Missions

The upcoming Artemis missions to the Moon and beyond are driving the development of high-bandwidth data transfer technologies. The success of these missions will rely heavily on robust communication systems capable of handling large volumes of data and providing real-time video coverage. NASA’s embrace of laser communications as a core component of their future projects highlights the importance of this technology in advancing space exploration.

Table 1: Advantages of Laser Communication Over Radio Waves

Feature	Laser Communication	Radio Waves
Data Transfer Rate	10 to 100 times higher	Lower
Video Quality	High-definition (4K)	Low-definition
Atmospheric Penetration	Enhanced with HRDTN	Limited
Bandwidth	Higher	Lower

Table 2: Key Components of NASA’s Laser Communication System

Component	Description
Pilatus PC-12 Aircraft	Research aircraft used for initial data transmission
Ground Station	Receives data from the aircraft and sends it to Earth-based infrastructure
White Sands Test Facility	Translates data into infrared signal
Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Satellite	Receives and relays the infrared signal to the ISS
Integrated LCRD LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T)	Relays data from the LCRD satellite to the ISS

Conclusion

The ability to stream 4K video aboard the International Space Station is a testament to NASA’s innovative approach to space communication. By harnessing the power of laser communication, researchers have significantly enhanced the quality and efficiency of data transfer, paving the way for more advanced and effective space missions in the future.

Source: www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/glenn/nasa-streams-first-4k-video-from-aircraft-to-space-station-back/

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#NASA, #LaserCommunication, #4KStreaming, #ISS, #SpaceStation, #SpaceExploration, #ArtemisMissions, #HighBandwidth, #SpaceTechnology, #ScienceData

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