#InternationalCollaboration

Space Exploration

Thales Alenia Space Wins Key Contract to Build Airlock for Lunar Gateway

By Jonathan Bala February 6, 2025

Thales Alenia Space Wins Key Contract to Build Airlock for Lunar Gateway

Thales Alenia Space is instrumental in advancing lunar exploration through its significant contributions to the Lunar Gateway, including the construction of the Crew and Science Airlock Module and the ESPRIT module.

Summary

Thales Alenia Space has been awarded a contract to build the Crew and Science Airlock Module for the Lunar Gateway, a collaborative project with the United Arab Emirates’ Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC).
The airlock module is essential for facilitating extravehicular activities (EVAs), allowing astronauts to perform spacewalks and manage external scientific payloads.
This partnership grants the UAE a seat on a future Artemis mission, enhancing its role in international space exploration.
Thales Alenia Space is also developing the ESPRIT module, which will provide the Gateway with refueling capabilities and a 360-degree observation window.
The Lunar Gateway is a key component of NASA’s Artemis program, aiming to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon and serve as a staging point for future missions to Mars.
The Crew and Science Airlock Module is scheduled to be delivered and integrated into the Gateway by the crewed Orion spacecraft on the Artemis VI mission, with completion expected in 2030.
The ESPRIT module is planned for delivery in 2029 and will be launched on the Artemis V mission.
Thales Alenia Space’s involvement in these projects underscores its leadership in space transportation systems, orbital infrastructures, and deep space exploration.
The company’s contributions are pivotal in enabling extravehicular activities, providing essential infrastructure, and supporting international collaboration in lunar exploration.
The Lunar Gateway will operate in a near-rectilinear halo orbit around the Moon, supporting missions to the lunar south polar region.
The Gateway is designed to be a crew-tended facility, supporting up to four astronauts for missions lasting one to three months.
The Crew and Science Airlock Module will also provide an additional docking port for visiting vehicles, enhancing the Gateway’s operational flexibility.
The ESPRIT module will supply the station with xenon and chemical propellants to extend its operational lifetime.
The observation windows in the ESPRIT module will offer astronauts unparalleled views of the Moon and space, enhancing scientific observation and crew well-being.
Thales Alenia Space’s expertise and international partnerships are crucial in realizing the vision of a sustainable human presence on the Moon and paving the way for future deep space exploration.

Thales Alenia Space Wins Key Contract to Build Airlock for Lunar Gateway

Overview of the Lunar Gateway

The Lunar Gateway is envisioned as a crew-tended space station orbiting the Moon in a near-rectilinear halo orbit. Serving as a staging point for NASA’s Artemis missions, it will facilitate lunar surface explorations and potentially act as a stepping stone for future Mars missions. The Gateway’s modular design allows for international partnerships, with various countries contributing different elements to its construction.

The Airlock Module: A Critical Component

An airlock module is essential for any space station, providing a controlled environment for astronauts to transition between the pressurized habitat and the vacuum of space. For the Lunar Gateway, the airlock will enable extravehicular activities (EVAs), allowing astronauts to perform spacewalks for maintenance, scientific research, and other mission objectives. Additionally, it will serve as a docking port for visiting spacecraft, enhancing the Gateway’s operational flexibility.

UAE’s Contribution to the Gateway

In January 2024, the UAE announced its commitment to supply the airlock module for the Lunar Gateway. This decision was part of an agreement with NASA, wherein the UAE would provide the airlock in exchange for a seat on a future Artemis mission to the Gateway. The Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC), the UAE’s primary space agency, spearheaded this initiative, evaluating proposals from various international contractors before selecting Thales Alenia Space for the project.

Thales Alenia Space: A Trusted Partner

Thales Alenia Space, a joint venture between France’s Thales Group and Italy’s Leonardo, has a storied history in space infrastructure development. The company has been instrumental in constructing numerous modules for the International Space Station (ISS) and has been a key contributor to various international space exploration missions. Their selection by the UAE underscores their expertise and reliability in delivering complex space systems.

The Emirates Airlock Module

The Emirates Airlock Module, as it has been designated, will be designed to support a range of functions critical to the Gateway’s operations. Beyond facilitating EVAs, it will allow for the transfer of scientific experiments and equipment between the station’s interior and the external environment. This capability is vital for deploying instruments that need direct exposure to space and for retrieving them for analysis.

The module will also provide additional docking capabilities, accommodating visiting spacecraft and thereby enhancing the Gateway’s capacity to support diverse mission profiles. Its design will incorporate advanced life support systems, ensuring the safety and efficiency of astronaut operations during spacewalks.

Project Timeline and Future Prospects

The development of the Emirates Airlock Module is structured into several key phases: planning, design, qualification, flight preparation, and operations. In 2025, the project aims to complete the Mission Concept Review, followed by the System Requirements Review and the Preliminary Design Reviews at both the primary structure and system levels.

The module is slated for launch aboard the Artemis 6 mission, utilizing the Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B rocket. This mission is currently scheduled for no earlier than 2030. Once integrated into the Gateway, the airlock will play a pivotal role in supporting sustained lunar exploration and potentially serving as a platform for future missions beyond the Moon.

International Collaboration and the Future of Space Exploration

The partnership between the UAE and Thales Alenia Space exemplifies the spirit of international collaboration that has become a hallmark of modern space exploration. By contributing a critical component to the Lunar Gateway, the UAE is positioning itself as a significant player in the global space community. Such collaborations not only pool resources and expertise but also foster a sense of shared purpose in humanity’s quest to explore the cosmos.

As space agencies and private companies around the world continue to push the boundaries of exploration, partnerships like this will be instrumental in overcoming the complex challenges of space travel. The development of the Emirates Airlock Module is a testament to what can be achieved when nations and organizations work together towards common goals.

References

Thales Alenia Space signs a contract with Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre to develop the Emirates Airlock Module, a critical element of Lunar Gateway.
thalesaleniaspace.com
Thales Alenia Space wins contract for Gateway airlock.
spacenews.com
Lunar Gateway.
en.wikipedia.org
Thales Alenia Space.
en.wikipedia.org

Keep Reading

Space Exploration

Hera Mission: Europe Launches to Investigate Asteroid Hit by NASA

By Jonathan Bala October 11, 2024

Hera Mission: Europe Launches to Investigate Asteroid Hit by NASA

The Hera mission by the European Space Agency (ESA) aims to examine the aftermath of NASA’s DART mission, which struck the asteroid Dimorphos in 2022. Hera’s findings could help refine planetary defense strategies, protecting Earth from future asteroid threats. The mission’s success may establish new international efforts to shield our planet from asteroids.

Summary

Hera Mission launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on October 7, 2024, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Florida.
Main target: Investigate the impact of NASA’s DART mission on the binary asteroid system Didymos and its moon Dimorphos.
NASA’s DART mission successfully collided with Dimorphos in 2022, reducing its orbital period by 33 minutes.
Hera will confirm whether DART’s impact altered the moon’s shape and surface structure.
Two cubesats – Milani and Juventas – accompany Hera and will examine Dimorphos’ minerals, structure, and gravity.
Planetary defense: Hera is part of an international strategy to protect Earth from asteroid impacts.
The mission will include a flyby of Mars in 2025 for a gravity assist.
ESA Director General Josef Aschbacher emphasized the global importance of planetary defense missions like Hera.
SpaceX used all of the Falcon 9 booster’s fuel, so the first stage did not return for landing.
DART’s impact created a crater on Dimorphos; Hera will measure the depth and size of this crater.
The mission will arrive at Dimorphos in 2026, completing a multimillion-mile journey.
Focus areas: Measuring the crater, confirming orbital changes, and analyzing surface minerals.
The Falcon 9 booster, used for multiple prior missions, was retired after Hera’s launch.
Hera’s data will help refine models for future asteroid deflection missions.
DART’s success shows that asteroids can be redirected, bolstering global planetary defense efforts.

Hera Mission – Europe Launches to Investigate Asteroid Hit by NASA

In an age where space exploration is more focused on planetary defense, humanity has taken a significant step toward safeguarding Earth. On October 7, 2024, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the Hera mission, marking the next phase in the study of asteroids. Hera will investigate the binary asteroid system Didymos and its smaller moon Dimorphos, which NASA’s DART mission impacted in 2022. The goal is to collect critical data on planetary defense strategies that may one day protect Earth from rogue space rocks.

NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirect Mission) struck Dimorphos to test if an asteroid’s orbit could be altered. The mission succeeded, reducing Dimorphos’ orbit around Didymos by 33 minutes. Now, Hera will build on DART’s success by conducting a more detailed study of the asteroid’s changes, surface characteristics, and impact crater.

Mission Overview

The Hera mission was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral at 10:52 a.m. EDT. Unlike most SpaceX launches, the first stage of the Falcon 9 did not return to Earth for reuse. To ensure Hera had enough fuel to reach its target, the booster burned up its reserves entirely, leading to a planned disposal in the ocean. This particular Falcon 9 booster had been used in 23 previous missions, including Starlink satellite launches, NASA astronaut flights, and rideshare missions.

Hera’s journey will take it through the solar system, passing by Mars in 2025 for a gravity assist before heading to its final destination – the binary asteroid system of Didymos and Dimorphos.

Why Dimorphos?

The choice of Dimorphos as the mission’s target is strategic. The DART impact on the asteroid in 2022 was the first attempt by humanity to intentionally change the orbit of a celestial body. DART’s success demonstrated the potential of using kinetic impactors to deflect an asteroid’s path, offering hope that we could one day protect Earth from a catastrophic collision.

“We are now going back to Didymos and Dimorphos, we’ll make those measurements, and we’ll make the world a safer place from the impact of asteroids.”
– Alan Fitzsimmons, Hera Science Team Board Member

Hera will examine whether the DART impact did more than alter Dimorphos’ orbit. It will investigate whether the impact changed Dimorphos’ surface composition or even its shape. Additionally, the mission will measure the size and depth of the crater left by DART’s collision, further refining models for future asteroid deflection strategies.

International Planetary Defense

One of the most exciting aspects of Hera is its contribution to the growing field of planetary defense. Earth is constantly under the threat of potential impacts from asteroids, and understanding how to deflect or destroy these bodies is vital to our survival. Hera is part of a larger, international effort to protect our planet. As ESA Director General Josef Aschbacher put it:

“Defending our planet from space threats involves countries from all around the world. I am very pleased about this cooperation. The Hera spacecraft is a project by ESA, which stands for the European Space Agency. This spacecraft is leading Europe’s efforts to protect Earth from potential dangers from space.”

While the NASA DART mission proved that an asteroid could be deflected, Hera will refine our understanding of how such impacts work and how effective they can be.

What Will Hera Do?

Once Hera arrives at Dimorphos in 2026, it will begin its mission of measuring the impact crater created by DART. Scientists are eager to learn how much material was ejected during the collision and how deep the crater penetrated into the asteroid’s surface.

Mission Objectives

Crater Measurement: Hera will assess the depth and diameter of the crater caused by DART.
Orbital Analysis: Confirm the orbital changes caused by DART’s impact.
Surface Examination: Analyze the composition of surface minerals and look for any shape alterations in Dimorphos.
Cubesat Exploration: Hera carries two smaller satellites, Milani and Juventas, which will examine Dimorphos’ gravity, structure, and surface features.
Refining Models: The data from Hera will help scientists refine their models for asteroid deflection techniques, improving future missions.

The Cubesats: Milani and Juventas

A significant part of Hera’s mission involves two smaller spacecraft: Milani and Juventas. These cubesats will deploy once Hera reaches Dimorphos and begin their own investigations. Milani will focus on the surface composition, examining minerals and the asteroid’s structure. Juventas, on the other hand, will use a radar instrument to explore the internal structure of Dimorphos. This will provide insights into how asteroids are formed and how they behave when struck by external forces like DART.

Technical Aspects of the Mission

Hera Mission Overview	Key Information
Launch Date	October 7, 2024
Launch Vehicle	SpaceX Falcon 9
Target Arrival Date	2026
Target	Dimorphos
Accompanying Spacecraft	Milani and Juventas

The Hera spacecraft is equipped with various instruments to help it achieve its goals, including high-resolution cameras to capture detailed images of the asteroid’s surface, laser altimeters for measuring topography, and spectrometers to analyze the surface minerals.

The Importance of Hera

The Hera mission is an essential follow-up to NASA’s DART mission. Together, these missions demonstrate the international collaboration required to tackle the issue of planetary defense. Hera’s findings will contribute significantly to our understanding of how to deflect dangerous asteroids. In addition, the mission’s data will be shared with scientists worldwide, fostering a global approach to asteroid monitoring and defense.

Scientific Impact

Expected Scientific Outcomes	Details
Crater Analysis	Size, depth, and material ejected
Orbital Alteration Confirmation	Measuring Dimorphos’ new orbit
Surface and Internal Composition	Analyzing minerals and internal structure
Planetary Defense Models	Refining deflection models

By 2026, when Hera arrives at Dimorphos, humanity will have taken a crucial step toward defending our planet from space threats. The $398 million mission is not just a scientific endeavor but a global safeguard for the future.

References

NASA’s DART Mission

#HeraMission, #PlanetaryDefense, #Dimorphos, #ESA, #NASADART, #SpaceX, #AsteroidDeflection, #Falcon9, #ESAPlanetaryMission, #MilaniAndJuventas, #BinaryAsteroidSystem, #Didymos

Keep Reading

Space Exploration

China’s New Lunar Spacesuit: Ready for Moon Exploration

By Jonathan Bala October 9, 2024

China’s New Lunar Spacesuit: Ready for Moon Exploration

China’s new lunar spacesuit is a significant step forward in its goal of sending astronauts to the Moon by 2030. With a design inspired by traditional Chinese armor and modern technology, the suit provides essential features for safe and effective lunar exploration.

Summary

China’s Moon Mission: Aims for a Moon landing by 2030.
Spacesuit Design: Inspired by traditional Chinese armor with red stripes.
Functional Features: Includes a close and long-distance visor, chest control panel, and protective materials.
Performance Testing: Astronauts demonstrated suit mobility in various movements.
Historical Context: Previous suits aided in constructing the Tiangong Space Station.
Technological Advancements: Achievements from earlier suit designs paved the way for this new version.
Cultural Significance: Design elements reference Chinese mythology and space exploration history.
CMSA’s Role: The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) oversees the suit’s development.
Extravehicular Activities: Previous suits have supported 17 astronauts in space missions.
Public Engagement: Video demonstrations of the suit’s capabilities were shared publicly.
Future Exploration: The suit will be crucial for lunar missions and future space endeavors.
Health and Safety: The suit is designed to protect against the harsh lunar environment.
Pressure and Oxygen Management: It provides essential life support functions for astronauts.
International Significance: China’s advancements contribute to global space exploration efforts.
Environmental Protection: The materials used protect astronauts from harmful lunar radiation.
Public Excitement: The unveiling of the suit has generated interest in China’s space program.

Introduction

When we think about space exploration, the iconic image of astronauts in their puffy suits immediately comes to mind. These suits are not merely fashion statements; they are life-support systems designed to ensure an astronaut’s survival in the hostile environment of space. They protect against extreme temperatures, maintain pressure, and provide essential life-support functions.

As China prepares to send its astronauts back to the Moon by 2030, the introduction of their new lunar spacesuit marks a crucial moment in their space exploration endeavors.

China’s commitment to lunar exploration is laid out in its roadmap targeting a Moon landing by 2030. This mission represents a major milestone for the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), and the new lunar spacesuit is a critical component of this plan. The suit aims to provide the necessary protection and functionality to support astronauts on the lunar surface.

In recent years, interest in lunar exploration has surged globally. Countries like the United States, India, and Russia have also initiated plans for lunar missions. As a result, China aims not only to land on the Moon but also to contribute significantly to the ongoing conversation about humanity’s future in space.

China's New Lunar Spacesuit Ready for Moon Exploration — Astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti – Image : NASA

China’s new lunar spacesuit features a design that pays homage to Chinese cultural heritage. The suit includes red stripes on the arms and legs. The stripes on the arms represent the flying apsaras, celestial beings associated with Buddhism, while the stripes on the legs symbolize rocket flames during launch. This thoughtful incorporation of symbolism reflects China’s desire to merge modern technology with its rich cultural history.

Key Features of the Spacesuit

Close and Long-Distance Visor: The visor provides a clear view for astronauts, essential for both close-range tasks and distant observations.
Chest Control Panel: This panel allows astronauts to monitor vital suit functions and make necessary adjustments quickly.
Protective Materials: The suit is designed with materials that shield against the harsh lunar environment, including radiation and extreme temperatures.

Functional Performance Testing

Recently, astronauts Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping showcased the new suits at the third Spacesuit Technology Forum held in Chongqing, China. Videos released from the event demonstrated the astronauts performing various movements such as walking, bending, kneeling, and squatting, all of which were executed with ease. This testing is crucial as it ensures that the suits will function effectively in the reduced gravity and unfamiliar conditions of the Moon.

“The design and functionality of the spacesuit will play a critical role in the success of our lunar missions,” said Zhai Zhigang, who made history as the first Chinese astronaut to conduct a spacewalk.

The development of this new spacesuit has been in the works since 2020. Building upon the successes of the first and second generations of the Feitian spacesuits, which supported 17 astronauts in extravehicular activities (EVAs) at the Tiangong Space Station, the new lunar suit represents a significant leap in design and functionality.

Generations of Feitian Spacesuits	Key Achievements
First Generation	Initial testing and EVAs
Second Generation	Enhanced mobility and protection
New Lunar Spacesuit	Lightweight, compact, and reliable design

This advancement in suit technology not only demonstrates China’s commitment to improving its space exploration capabilities but also highlights the global trend of technological innovation in space travel.

Preparing for the Moon

As China gears up for its ambitious lunar mission, the new spacesuit is a critical part of ensuring astronauts are adequately protected and supported during their time on the Moon. The suit will need to withstand extreme conditions, including:

Temperature Fluctuations: The Moon’s surface can reach temperatures as low as -280 degrees Fahrenheit at night and soar to 260 degrees Fahrenheit during the day.
Radiation Exposure: Without the protective atmosphere of Earth, astronauts on the Moon are exposed to harmful cosmic radiation.
Vacuum Conditions: The suit must maintain internal pressure to keep astronauts safe from the vacuum of space.

Challenges of Lunar Exploration

Despite the excitement surrounding lunar exploration, challenges remain. The CMSA must ensure that the suits function effectively in the Moon’s unique environment. As seen in previous missions, spacesuits must not only protect but also allow astronauts to perform essential tasks, including scientific research and equipment repairs.

The success of lunar missions will depend on thorough testing and refinement of the spacesuits. This includes simulations and real-world trials to ensure that astronauts can navigate the lunar surface effectively.

With the launch of this new lunar spacesuit, China is marking the beginning of a new era in its space exploration efforts. The focus on lunar missions is part of a broader strategy to establish a permanent human presence in space.

In addition to lunar exploration, China is actively working on several ambitious space projects, including:

Mars Exploration: Continuing research and missions to gather data from Mars.
Space Station Development: Ongoing construction and operation of the Tiangong Space Station.
International Collaboration: Engaging in partnerships with other countries to enhance shared knowledge and resources in space.

China’s new lunar spacesuit represents a blend of cultural significance and technological innovation. With its advanced features, the suit is designed to protect astronauts as they embark on exciting missions to the Moon and beyond. As the CMSA prepares for its upcoming lunar landing, this spacesuit stands as a symbol of China’s determination to lead in global space exploration.

References

#ChinaSpace, #LunarExploration, #SpaceSuit, #CMSA, #Astronauts, #Feitian, #Tiangong, #MoonMission, #SpaceTechnology, #Aerospace, #STEM, #SpaceResearch, #FutureExploration, #CulturalHeritage, #Innovation, #InternationalCollaboration

Keep Reading

Space Exploration

Axiom Mission 4: India, Poland, Hungary Participation Confirmed

By Jonathan Bala August 6, 2024

Axiom Mission 4: India, Poland, Hungary Participation Confirmed

Axiom Space officially announced today that it is partnering with India, through the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Poland, with European Space Agency (ESA) support, and Hungary to send three national astronauts to the space station on Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), the company’s next commercial human spaceflight mission to the orbiting laboratory.

The Ax-4 crew members arrived in Houston today to begin training with Axiom Space, NASA, and SpaceX.

The crew assigned to Ax-4 includes Commander Peggy Whitson, Mission Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla of India, Mission Specialist Slawosz Uznanski of ESA/Poland, and Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu of Hungary. The assigned crewmembers are pending approval to fly to the International Space Station by the Multilateral Crew Operations Panel (MCOP). MCOP decisions are made in consensus by representatives from all five-space station international partners: NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency.

Summary

Axiom Space partnering with ISRO, ESA, and Hungary.
Crew: Peggy Whitson (Commander), Shubhanshu Shukla (India), Slawosz Uznanski (Poland), Tibor Kapu (Hungary).
Pending approval by Multilateral Crew Operations Panel (MCOP).
Michael Suffredini, CEO of Axiom Space, emphasizes global collaboration.
Scientific research, technology demonstrations, and commercialization of space as mission focus.
14-day mission on the International Space Station.
SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft for launch.
Collaboration with ESA, sending a Polish astronaut to space for the first time in 40 years.
Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Hungarian government for the HUNOR program.
Spaceflight framework agreement (SFA) with ISRO for a joint ISRO-NASA effort.

Main Article

Axiom Space has taken a significant step forward in its mission to democratize space access by announcing the participation of astronauts from India, Poland, and Hungary in its upcoming Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4). This collaboration marks a milestone in international cooperation in space exploration and underscores Axiom Space’s commitment to broadening the horizons of human spaceflight.

Mission Overview

Axiom Mission 4 will see the inclusion of astronauts from three different nations: India, Poland, and Hungary. This mission will be commanded by Peggy Whitson, a veteran astronaut known for her extensive experience in space missions. The participation of these countries is facilitated through partnerships with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the European Space Agency (ESA), and Hungary’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Crew Members

The crew assigned to Ax-4 includes:

Commander Peggy Whitson: A highly experienced astronaut who has previously commanded missions to the International Space Station (ISS).
Mission Pilot Shubhanshu Shukla: Representing India, Shukla brings a wealth of expertise from ISRO.
Mission Specialist Slawosz Uznanski: An ESA astronaut from Poland, marking Poland’s first astronaut in over 40 years.
Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu: Representing Hungary, Kapu’s participation is a result of the Hungarian government’s efforts to advance its space research and technology development through the HUNOR program.

Mission Objectives

The primary objectives of Ax-4 include conducting scientific research, technology demonstrations, and the commercialization of space. This mission aims to foster international cooperation by sharing knowledge, resources, and opportunities with partner nations, thereby solidifying their positions as leaders in the global space community.

Axiom Mission 4 India, Poland, Hungary Participation Confirmed — Axiom Station

Training and Approval

The Ax-4 crew has arrived in Houston to begin their rigorous training program. This training involves collaboration with Axiom Space, NASA, and SpaceX to ensure the crew is well-prepared for their mission. The crew’s participation in the mission is pending approval from the Multilateral Crew Operations Panel (MCOP), which includes representatives from NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).

Historical Significance

Ax-4 marks several historic milestones in space exploration:

It is the second Axiom mission to include an ESA astronaut, following Marcus Wandt’s participation in Ax-3.
It marks the return of a Polish astronaut to space for the first time in over four decades.
It highlights Axiom Space’s ability to build and maintain international partnerships, expanding the global space economy.

Launch Details

Ax-4 is scheduled to launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft from Florida. The mission is expected to last up to 14 days, during which the crew will stay on the International Space Station.

International Agreements

The participation of Hungarian and Indian astronauts in Ax-4 is a result of significant international agreements:

In July 2022, Axiom Space and Hungary’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to further the HUNOR program and advance opportunities in space research and technology development.
In September 2023, Axiom Space signed a spaceflight framework agreement (SFA) with Hungary to facilitate the launch of a Hungarian astronaut.
In July, Axiom Space signed an SFA with ISRO, marking a significant milestone toward a joint ISRO-NASA effort on board the International Space Station.

Tables

Table 1: Crew Members of Ax-4

Role	Name	Country	Organization
Commander	Peggy Whitson	USA	Axiom Space
Mission Pilot	Shubhanshu Shukla	India	ISRO
Mission Specialist	Slawosz Uznanski	Poland	ESA
Mission Specialist	Tibor Kapu	Hungary	Hungarian Gov’t

Table 2: Key Agreements for Ax-4

Agreement	Date	Parties Involved	Purpose
Memorandum of Understanding	July 2022	Axiom Space, Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade	Further HUNOR program and space research opportunities
Spaceflight Framework Agreement (SFA)	Sept 2023	Axiom Space, Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade	Facilitate the launch of a Hungarian astronaut
Spaceflight Framework Agreement (SFA)	July 2023	Axiom Space, ISRO	Joint ISRO-NASA efforts on the International Space Station

Conclusion

Axiom Mission 4 represents a significant step forward in international cooperation and the democratization of space access. With the participation of astronauts from India, Poland, and Hungary, this mission underscores the importance of collaboration in advancing scientific research, technology development, and the commercialization of space. As Axiom Space continues to build global partnerships, the future of space exploration looks brighter and more inclusive than ever before.

Hashtags

#AxiomMission4, #ISRO, #ESA, #HungaryInSpace, #PeggyWhitson, #SpaceExploration, #SpaceResearch, #InternationalCollaboration, #SpaceX, #Falcon9, #DragonSpacecraft

Keep Reading

Space Exploration

NASA’s Lunar Orbiter Discovers Hidden Tunnels Beneath the Moon’s Surface

By Jonathan Bala July 18, 2024

NASA’s Lunar Orbiter Discovers Hidden Tunnels Beneath the Moon’s Surface

Key Takeaway

NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has discovered hidden tunnels beneath the Moon’s surface, specifically in the Mare Tranquillitatis region. This discovery confirms long-standing theories about lunar lava tubes and has significant implications for future lunar exploration and habitation.

Summary

Discovery: Hidden tunnels beneath the Moon’s surface confirmed by NASA’s LRO.
Region: Mare Tranquillitatis.
Instruments Used: Miniature Radio-Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument on LRO.
Lead Research: University of Trento, Italy.
Study Published: July 15, in Nature Astronomy.
Technology: Advanced radar signal processing techniques.
Significance: First direct evidence of an accessible lava tube on the Moon.
Implications: Potential safe sites for future lunar infrastructure.
Temperature Extremes: Surface temperatures range from 127°C (261°F) to -173°C (-279°F).
Radiation: Cosmic and solar radiation 150 times stronger than on Earth.
Funding: Partially by the Italian Space Agency.
Contributing Institutions: University of Padua and La Venta Geographic Explorations APS.
Research Benefits: Addresses fundamental questions for science and exploration.

NASA’s Lunar Orbiter Discovers Hidden Tunnels Beneath the Moon’s Surface

The presence of conduits below the lunar surface has been theorized and extensively debated for at least 50 years. The analysis of NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) radar data reveals what lies below the Mare Tranquillitatis. A team of international scientists, led by the University of Trento, Italy, has published a research study making a milestone discovery about the Moon. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated the existence of a tunnel in the lunar subsurface, which appears to be an empty lava tube. The research study was published on July 15, 2024, in the journal Nature Astronomy and is the result of an international collaboration.

Evidence of Lunar Caves

“These caves have been theorized for over 50 years, but it is the first time ever that we have demonstrated their existence,” explains Lorenzo Bruzzone, professor at the University of Trento. How was this demonstration achieved? Bruzzone explains: “In 2010, as part of the ongoing LRO NASA mission, the Miniature Radio-Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument acquired data that included a pit in Mare Tranquilitatis. Years later, we have reanalyzed these data with complex signal processing techniques we have recently developed and discovered radar reflections from the area of the pit that are best explained by an underground cave conduit. This discovery provides the first direct evidence of an accessible lava tube under the surface of the Moon.”

Techniques and Technology in Lunar Research

“Thanks to the analysis of the data we were able to create a model of a portion of the conduit,” continues Leonardo Carrer, a researcher at the University of Trento. “The most likely explanation for our observations is an empty lava tube.” The Mini-RF principal investigator, Wes Patterson, from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory adds, “This research demonstrates both how radar data of the Moon can be used in novel ways to address fundamental questions for science and exploration and how crucial it is to continue collecting remotely sensed data of the Moon. This includes the current LRO mission and, hopefully, future orbiter missions.”

Implications for Lunar Exploration

The study, partially funded by the Italian Space Agency, also involved researchers from the University of Padua and La Venta Geographic Explorations APS, who contributed to the geological analyses and the modeling of the identified conduit. The study has scientific importance and implications for the development of missions to the Moon, where the environment is hostile to human life. Surface temperatures on the illuminated side of the Moon can reach 127°C (261°F), while temperatures on the unilluminated side can drop to -173°C (-279°F). Cosmic and solar radiation can be as much as 150 times more powerful on the lunar surface than we experience on Earth, and there is a constant threat of meteorite impact. These conditions drive a need to find safe sites for the construction of infrastructure that can support sustained exploration. Caves such as this one offer a solution to that problem.

The Significance of the Discovery

This discovery is a significant milestone in lunar exploration. The existence of these lava tubes provides potential safe havens for future lunar bases, offering protection from the harsh surface conditions. The temperature extremes and high radiation levels on the lunar surface make it challenging for sustained human presence. However, the stable environment within these lava tubes could mitigate these challenges, providing a controlled setting for habitation and other activities.

Future Prospects and Missions

The confirmation of lunar lava tubes opens new avenues for future missions. These tunnels could be explored further to understand their extent, structure, and potential for use. Future lunar missions could focus on detailed mapping and exploration of these tunnels, assessing their suitability for various purposes, including habitats, research stations, and storage facilities.

The Role of Technology in the Discovery

The discovery was made possible through the use of advanced radar technology and signal processing techniques. The Mini-RF instrument on the LRO played a crucial role in this discovery. The data collected by the Mini-RF were reanalyzed using newly developed signal processing techniques, which allowed the team to detect the radar reflections indicative of an underground cave conduit. This technological advancement highlights the importance of continued innovation and development in space exploration tools and methods.

International Collaboration in Lunar Research

The research study is a testament to the power of international collaboration. Scientists from various institutions and countries worked together to achieve this milestone discovery. The collaboration between the University of Trento, the University of Padua, La Venta Geographic Explorations APS, and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory demonstrates the global nature of space exploration and the collective effort required to make significant advancements.

The Geological Perspective

From a geological perspective, the discovery of lunar lava tubes offers insights into the Moon’s volcanic history. These tubes are formed by flowing lava that cools and solidifies on the surface while the molten lava continues to flow beneath, eventually leaving behind an empty tube. Understanding these structures can provide valuable information about the Moon’s volcanic activity and its geological evolution.

Practical Applications of Lunar Lava Tubes

The practical applications of lunar lava tubes extend beyond habitation. These tunnels could serve as natural shelters for scientific instruments, protecting them from the extreme temperatures and radiation on the lunar surface. They could also be used for storing supplies and equipment, ensuring their longevity and functionality. Moreover, these tunnels could play a role in future resource extraction activities, providing access to lunar materials with minimal exposure to the harsh surface conditions.

Quotes from the Research Team

Lorenzo Bruzzone, professor at the University of Trento, emphasized the significance of the discovery: “These caves have been theorized for over 50 years, but it is the first time ever that we have demonstrated their existence.” Wes Patterson, from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, highlighted the importance of continued data collection: “This research demonstrates both how radar data of the Moon can be used in novel ways to address fundamental questions for science and exploration and how crucial it is to continue collecting remotely sensed data of the Moon.”

Conclusion

The discovery of hidden tunnels beneath the Moon’s surface is a groundbreaking achievement in lunar exploration. The confirmation of lunar lava tubes provides new opportunities for future missions and the potential for safe, sustainable habitation on the Moon. This discovery underscores the importance of international collaboration, technological innovation, and continued exploration to unlock the mysteries of our celestial neighbor.

Tables

Table 1: Key Facts about Lunar Lava Tubes

Feature	Description
Formation	Formed by flowing lava beneath the Moon’s surface
Location	Mare Tranquillitatis, other volcanic regions on the Moon
Environmental Benefits	Protection from extreme temperatures and high radiation levels
Potential Uses	Habitats, scientific instrument shelters, storage facilities, resource extraction

Table 2: Environmental Conditions on the Moon

Condition	Daytime (Illuminated Side)	Nighttime (Unilluminated Side)
Temperature	127°C (261°F)	-173°C (-279°F)
Radiation Exposure	150 times stronger than Earth	150 times stronger than Earth
Meteorite Impact Threat	Constant	Constant

References

“Radar evidence of an accessible cave conduit on the Moon below the Mare Tranquillitatis pit” bhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02302-yy Leonardo Carrer, Riccardo Pozzobon, Francesco Sauro, Davide Castelletti, Gerald Wesley Patterson, and Lorenzo Bruzzone, published on July 15, 2024, in Nature Astronomy. DOI: 10.1038/s41550-024-02302-y
NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: NASA’s LRO

Hashtags

#NASA, #LunarOrbiter, #MoonExploration, #LavaTubes, #HiddenTunnels, #MareTranquillitatis, #SpaceResearch, #LRO, #LunarCaves, #SpaceDiscovery, #LunarScience, #MoonMissions, #AstroResearch, #SpaceTechnology, #LunarSurface, #SpaceExploration, #InternationalCollaboration, #LunarBase, #MoonHabitation, #CosmicRadiatio #NASA’s Lunar Orbiter

Keep Reading

Satellite Launches

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

By Jonathan Bala June 10, 2024

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Key Takeaway

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), headquartered in Bengaluru, India, has emerged as a global leader in space research and exploration. Established on August 15, 1969, ISRO has achieved remarkable milestones, including launching extraterrestrial missions, developing advanced launch vehicles, and operating a vast satellite network. Its missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan have significantly contributed to space science, while initiatives like Gaganyaan aim to further India’s capabilities in human spaceflight.

Summary

Formative Years: Contributions from early Indian scientists; establishment of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and initial space science experiments.
Formation of INCOSPAR: Creation of the Indian National Committee for Space Research in 1962.
Evolution into ISRO: Transition from INCOSPAR to ISRO in 1969, establishment of the Space Commission and the Department of Space in 1972.
Development of Launch Vehicles: Successful development of SLV, PSLV, and GSLV.
Achievements and Milestones: Key missions like Chandrayaan-1, Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3, and Mangalyaan.
Solar Exploration: Launch of Aditya-L1 to study the sun.
Organizational Structure and Facilities: Overview of ISRO’s main facilities and their roles.
Goals and Objectives: ISRO’s mission statement and key goals.
Human Spaceflight Program: Gaganyaan mission and astronaut training facilities.
Future Projects: Upcoming missions to the Moon, Mars, and Venus, as well as advances in spacecraft propulsion.
International Collaborations: Notable partnerships with other space agencies.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), headquartered in Bengaluru, India, has emerged as a key player in global space research and exploration. Formed on August 15, 1969, and succeeding the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), ISRO has made significant strides in space technology, becoming one of the few space agencies worldwide with full launch capabilities, cryogenic engine deployment, extraterrestrial mission launches, and operation of a vast satellite fleet.

Formative Years

The foundation of modern space research in India can be traced back to the 1920s when scientist S. K. Mitra conducted ionospheric experiments through ground-based radio in Kolkata. Renowned scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed significantly to space science principles. After 1945, key developments were made by scientists Vikram Sarabhai, founder of the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, and Homi Bhabha, who established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945.

Initial space science experiments involved cosmic radiation studies, high-altitude testing, and deep underground experimentation at the Kolar mines. These studies were performed at various research laboratories, universities, and independent locations.

In 1950, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established with Bhabha as its secretary, providing funding for space research across India. The establishment of observatories and research institutes like the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) and the Rangpur Observatory marked significant advancements in India’s space research endeavors.

Formation of INCOSPAR

In 1962, the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on the recommendation of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. The committee’s activities initially operated under the DAE, with officers from the Indian Ordnance Factories contributing their expertise in propellants and advanced light materials for rocket construction. The Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) was established for launching sounding rockets, initiating India’s upper atmospheric research.

Evolution into ISRO

Under the government of Indira Gandhi, INCOSPAR was replaced by ISRO in 1969. In 1972, a space commission and the Department of Space (DoS) were established to oversee space technology development in India, institutionalizing space research in the country. The first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975, marking India’s entry into space exploration.

Development of Launch Vehicles

Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle began after mastering sounding rocket technology. The Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) was developed to launch small payloads into low Earth orbit. The SLV’s first successful launch occurred in 1980, making India the seventh country to reach Earth’s orbit.

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) was introduced in the 1990s, becoming a major success for ISRO. With over 50 successful flights, PSLV enabled India to launch numerous domestic and foreign satellites. The development of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) followed, though initial attempts to procure cryogenic engines from Russia faced US-imposed restrictions. Despite these challenges, India developed its indigenous cryogenic technology, marking significant advancements in its space capabilities.

This is an artist's illustration of India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar spacecraft. It shows the spacecraft orbiting the moon. (Image credit: Dan Roam) — This is an artist’s illustration of India’s Chandrayaan-1 lunar spacecraft. It shows the spacecraft orbiting the moon. (Image credit: Dan Roam)

Achievements and Milestones

ISRO’s achievements have significantly impacted India’s socio-economic development, supporting civilian and military domains in various aspects, including disaster management, telemedicine, navigation, and reconnaissance missions. Notable missions include Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to the Moon, and the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), which made India the first country to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt.

Chandrayaan Missions

Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, was the first mission to confirm the presence of water on the Moon. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor, conducting extensive lunar surface studies.

Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, consisted of an orbiter, a lander (Vikram), and a rover (Pragyan). Although the lander failed to soft-land, the orbiter continues to provide valuable data.

Chandrayaan-3, launched in 2023, achieved a successful soft landing on the Moon’s south pole, making India the first country to achieve this feat.

Mars Orbiter Mission

The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, made India the first country to enter Mars orbit on its maiden attempt. The mission’s success at a record low cost of $74 million demonstrated ISRO’s efficiency and technological prowess.

Solar Exploration

On September 2, 2023, ISRO launched Aditya-L1, India’s first solar probe, to study the solar corona and coronal mass ejections. This mission aims to enhance our understanding of solar activities and their impact on space weather.

Organizational Structure and Facilities

ISRO is managed by the Department of Space, which oversees various agencies and institutes involved in space research and development. Key facilities include:

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC): The primary technical center for SLV, ASLV, and PSLV development.
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC): Handles the design and development of liquid propulsion systems.
Space Applications Centre (SAC): Focuses on the practical applications of space technology, including remote sensing and satellite communications.
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC): The main launch site for India’s satellites, located at Sriharikota.

Goals and Objectives

ISRO’s mission includes the development and application of space technologies to address real-world problems and contribute to national development. As Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian space program, stated:

“To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.”

Key Goals

Space-based applications: Development of technologies for communication, navigation, and remote sensing.
Space exploration: Missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.
International cooperation: Collaborative projects with space agencies worldwide.
Private sector collaboration: Boosting India’s private space sector through technology incubation and partnerships.

Notable Facilities

Research Facilities

Facility	Location	Description
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)	Thiruvananthapuram	Main technical center for SLV, ASLV, and PSLV development
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre	Bengaluru	Design and development of liquid propulsion systems
Physical Research Laboratory	Ahmedabad	Research in solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, and geophysics
Space Applications Centre (SAC)	Ahmedabad	Practical applications of space technology, including remote sensing and satellite communications

Launch Facilities

Facility	Location	Description
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)	Sriharikota	Main launch site for India’s satellites
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)	Thiruvananthapuram	Launch site for sounding rockets used in upper atmospheric research
U R Rao Satellite Centre	Bengaluru	Venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft and satellite technology development

Human Spaceflight Program

The Indian Human Spaceflight Program aims to send humans into space, with the Gaganyaan mission being its centerpiece. Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2018, the mission plans to send Indian astronauts into space by 2022 using the GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. The project includes the development of necessary technologies such as the crew module, crew escape system, space food, and life support systems.

ISRO has established the Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) to coordinate the Gaganyaan mission. An astronaut training center in Bengaluru will prepare selected astronauts through simulation facilities, microgravity training, and studies of the space radiation environment. The training will include rescue and recovery operations and survival techniques in space.

Future Projects

ISRO is continuously advancing its capabilities and planning for future missions and technologies.

Extraterrestrial Probes

Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX): A joint mission with Japan’s JAXA to explore the Moon’s south pole, planned for 2026.
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan-2): A proposed mission to Mars, aiming for a 2024 launch.
Venus Orbiter Mission: An orbiter mission to study Venus’s atmosphere, scheduled for launch in the 2023-2025 timeframe.

ISRO is developing electric and nuclear propulsion technologies to enhance spacecraft efficiency and longevity. The agency is also working on reusable launch vehicles to reduce costs and increase the frequency of space missions.

International Collaborations

ISRO has established numerous formal cooperative arrangements with various countries and international organizations. Notable collaborations include:

Chandrayaan-1: Carried scientific payloads from NASA, ESA, and other international institutions.
Indo-French Satellite Missions: Collaborative missions with France’s CNES, including Megha-Tropiques and SARAL.
LUPEX: A joint mission with JAXA to explore the Moon’s south pole.
NISAR: A joint Indo-US radar project with NASA, featuring dual-frequency radar imaging.

Upcoming ISRO Missions

Mission	Target	Objectives	Planned Launch
Chandrayaan-3	Moon	Achieve soft landing, conduct lunar exploration	2024
Gaganyaan	Low Earth Orbit	Manned mission with Indian astronauts	2024
Venus Mission	Venus	Study atmosphere and surface	2025
Aditya-L1	Sun	Study solar corona	2024
Mangalyaan-2	Mars	Follow-up mission to further explore Mars	TBD

ISRO’s journey from its formative years to becoming a significant player in global space research and exploration is a testament to India’s scientific and technological capabilities. With its commitment to space-based applications, international cooperation, and future missions, ISRO continues to push the boundaries of space exploration and contribute to humanity’s understanding of the universe.

References

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) official website: ISRO
“The Indian Space Program” by P.V. Manoranjan Rao and P.R. Perumal
“Reaching for the Stars: The Story of ISRO” by Pallava Bagla and Subhadra Menon

Hashtags

#ISRO #IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation #SpaceExploration #IndiaInSpace #Chandrayaan #Mangalyaan #Gaganyaan #SpaceTechnology #SpaceMissions #InternationalCollaboration #indian space research

Keep Reading

Space-Based Navigation

China Releases High-Resolution Moon Atlas

By Jonathan Bala May 6, 2024

China Releases High-Resolution Moon Atlas

Key Takeaway

China has released a comprehensive and high-resolution geological atlas of the Moon, providing detailed data on craters, basins, lithologies, and structures, which will be invaluable for future lunar exploration missions and scientific research.

Summary

The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has released the first complete high-definition geologic atlas of the Moon, providing basic geographical data for future lunar research and exploration.
The atlas includes data on 12,341 craters, 81 impact basins, 17 types of lithologies, 14 types of structures, and other geological information about the lunar surface.
It was compiled by a team of over 100 scientists and cartographers from relevant research institutions, led by Ouyang Ziyuan and Liu Jianzhong from the CAS.
The team spent more than a decade compiling scientific exploration data obtained by the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (Chang’e) and other research on the origin and evolution of the Moon.
The atlas includes an “upgraded lunar geological time scale” for depicting the geological evolution of the Moon, including lunar tectonics and volcanic activity.
It could improve the understanding of the formation and evolution of Earth and other terrestrial planets in the Solar System.
The atlas doubles the resolution of the Apollo-era maps compiled by the US Geological Survey in the 1960s and 70s.
It is expected to aid in site selection for China’s International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and NASA’s Artemis Base Camp, as well as future sample collection missions like Chang’e-6 and Chang’e-7.
The CAS also released a book called “Map Quadrangles of the Geologic Atlas of the Moon,” which includes 30 sector diagrams forming a visualization of the entire lunar surface.
Both the atlas and the book are available in Chinese and English and have been integrated into a digital platform called “Digital Moon,” eventually becoming available to the international research community.

China Releases High-Resolution Moon Atlas — Credit: This image was provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences via a Xinhua news release.

China’s High-Resolution Geological Atlas

As humanity sets its sights on returning to the Moon and establishing a long-term presence, the need for comprehensive and accurate lunar data has never been more pressing. In a monumental achievement, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has unveiled the first complete high-definition geological atlas of the Moon, marking a significant milestone in our quest to unravel the mysteries of our nearest celestial neighbor.

This atlas is the result of over ten years of hard work by more than 100 scientists and cartographers. It will be very useful for future missions to explore the Moon and for scientific studies. The atlas includes data from China’s Chang’e lunar exploration program and other advanced research. It provides a detailed and insightful look at the Moon’s geology.

This groundbreaking atlas contains detailed information about the lunar surface. It includes data on 12,341 craters, 81 impact basins, and 17 different rock types. Additionally, there are 14 distinct structural features recorded. This extensive database offers a detailed look at the Moon’s current state. It also provides insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution.

The atlas features an “upgraded lunar geological time scale.” This scale provides a detailed look at the Moon’s geological history. It covers tectonic activity and volcanic processes that shaped the Moon’s surface. This new approach aims to enhance our understanding of the Moon’s development. It also seeks to illuminate the evolutionary processes of Earth and other terrestrial planets in our Solar System.

Notably, the new atlas boasts a resolution that doubles that of the Apollo-era maps created by the US Geological Survey in the 1960s and 70s. This significant improvement in precision and detail is a testament to the remarkable advancements in lunar exploration and scientific research over the past decades.

The release of this atlas couldn’t have come at a more opportune time, as multiple space agencies, including China and NASA, are gearing up to establish long-term lunar outposts in the coming years. The detailed information provided by the atlas will prove invaluable in selecting optimal sites for endeavors such as China’s International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and NASA’s Artemis Base Camp.

Moreover, the atlas is expected to play a crucial role in guiding future lunar sample collection missions, such as Chang’e-6 and Chang’e-7, which aim to retrieve lunar soil, rock, and ice samples from the Moon’s surface.

While the atlas represents a remarkable achievement for China’s lunar exploration program, its significance extends far beyond national boundaries. As Gregory Michael, a senior scientist from the Free University of Berlin, appropriately stated,

“This map, in particular, is the first on a global scale to utilize all of the post-Apollo era data. It builds on the achievements of the international community over the last decades, as well as on China’s own highly successful Chang’e program.”

In addition to the Geologic Atlas of the Lunar Globe, the CAS has also released a complementary book titled “Map Quadrangles of the Geologic Atlas of the Moon,” which features 30 sector diagrams that collectively form a comprehensive visualization of the entire lunar surface.

Both the atlas and the book are available in Chinese and English and have been integrated into a digital platform called “Digital Moon,” ensuring their accessibility to the international research community.

HASHTAGS:

#LunarExploration, #GeologicalAtlas, #ChineseAcademyOfSciences, #ChangEProgram, #MoonMapping, #LunarScience, #SpaceExploration, #LunarResources, #MoonMysteries, #InternationalCollaboration #High-Resolution Moon Atlas

Further Reading: The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)

Keep Reading

Space Debris Management

Rediscovered After 25 Years: US Satellite Lost and Found in Space

By Jonathan Bala May 2, 2024

Rediscovered After 25 Years: US Satellite Lost and Found in Space

Key Takeaway

A small satellite called S73-7, launched in 1974 as part of a US Air Force mission, has been rediscovered after nearly 25 years of being untracked, thanks to the efforts of the 18th Space Defense Squadron.

Summary

S73-7, also known as the Infra-Red Calibration Balloon, was a 26-inch wide satellite launched in 1974 as a payload aboard the larger KH-9 Hexagon System satellite.
It was meant to inflate a balloon and continuously orbit the Earth at an altitude of 500 miles (805 km) to aid in the calibration of ground-based remote sensing equipment.
However, the satellite’s deployment failed, and it has periodically disappeared from radar tracking since the 1970s.
It went missing twice, first in the 1970s and then again in the 1990s, raising questions about how it could seemingly vanish from radar for so long.
Tracking satellites in low-Earth orbit can be challenging, especially if they do not transmit their identities and orbit near the equator, creating blind spots for radar systems.
After being untracked for nearly 25 years, S73-7 has been rediscovered and is currently being tracked again by the 18th Space Defense Squadron.
The rediscovery was announced on X (formerly Twitter) by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell, who shared a graphic showing the satellite’s known locations since 1975.
The graphic reveals that S73-7 has been gradually losing altitude, dropping from its initial height of about 500 miles (805 km) to around 491 miles (790 km) today.
The satellite’s reappearance after such a long period highlights the challenges of tracking and monitoring the vast number of objects in Earth’s orbit, especially those that do not actively transmit their identities or locations.

The Rediscovery of a Lost Satellite

Launched in 1974 as part of a United States Air Force mission, the satellite known as S73-7, or the Infra-Red Calibration Balloon, was designed to inflate a balloon and continuously orbit the Earth at an altitude of approximately 500 miles (805 km). Its purpose was to aid in the calibration of ground-based remote sensing equipment, a crucial task for ensuring accurate data collection from space.

However, the satellite’s deployment did not go as planned, and it has periodically disappeared from radar tracking since the 1970s. This elusive behavior led to S73-7 being considered lost twice, first in the 1970s and then again in the 1990s, raising questions about how such an object could seemingly vanish from our tracking systems for extended periods.

After nearly 25 years of being untracked, S73-7 has now been rediscovered, thanks to the efforts of the 18th Space Defense Squadron. The rediscovery was announced on X (formerly Twitter) by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell, who shared a graphic showing the satellite’s known locations since 1975.

The rediscovery of S73-7 highlights the significant challenges involved in tracking and monitoring the vast number of objects orbiting our planet. With over 20,000 cataloged pieces of debris, ranging from spent rocket stages to defunct satellites, the task of maintaining situational awareness in space is a daunting one.

One of the primary challenges is the fact that many of these objects do not actively transmit their identities or locations. This makes it difficult for ground-based radar systems to accurately track and identify them, especially when they orbit near the equator, creating blind spots for traditional tracking methods.

Additionally, the sheer number of objects in Earth’s orbit, coupled with their constant motion and potential for unexpected maneuvers, further complicates the tracking process. It’s akin to finding a needle in an intergalactic haystack, as Jonathan McDowell rightly described.

The rediscovery of S73-7 serves as a reminder of the critical importance of maintaining robust space situational awareness. As our reliance on space-based assets continues to grow, from communication satellites to weather monitoring systems, the need to accurately track and catalog debris becomes increasingly crucial.

Untracked debris poses a significant threat to operational spacecraft, as even a small piece of debris traveling at high speeds can cause catastrophic damage. This risk underscores the need for improved tracking mechanisms and international cooperation to ensure the sustainable use of the space domain.

Furthermore, the ability to track and monitor space debris is not just about mitigating immediate risks; it also plays a vital role in enabling future space exploration and utilization. As we look towards ambitious goals such as establishing a sustained human presence on the Moon and eventually exploring Mars, a comprehensive understanding of the space environment and the ability to navigate through it safely will be paramount.

Addressing the challenges of space debris tracking and maintaining situational awareness in space will require a multifaceted approach involving technological advancements, international collaboration, and a commitment to responsible space stewardship.

One potential solution lies in the development of advanced tracking systems that can more accurately detect and identify objects, even those that do not actively transmit signals. This could involve the use of advanced radar systems, optical telescopes, and even space-based sensors to provide a more comprehensive picture of the space environment.

Additionally, international cooperation and data sharing among space agencies and private entities will be crucial in creating a unified, global space situational awareness network. By pooling resources and sharing information, we can improve our collective understanding of the space domain and better coordinate efforts to mitigate risks.

Finally, a renewed emphasis on responsible space stewardship is essential. This includes implementing measures to minimize the creation of new debris, such as designing spacecraft with end-of-life disposal plans and adhering to best practices for mitigating the risk of collisions.

The rediscovery of S73-7 serves as a touching reminder of the challenges we face in maintaining situational awareness in the increasingly congested space domain. While the satellite’s reappearance is a testament to the dedication and perseverance of those involved in space debris tracking, it also highlights the pressing need for enhanced tracking mechanisms and a concerted effort to address the growing issue of space debris.

As we continue to explore and utilize the vast expanse of space, it is imperative that we prioritize the development of robust tracking systems, foster international collaboration, and promote responsible space stewardship. Only by addressing these challenges head-on can we ensure the sustainable and safe use of the space domain for generations to come.

HASHTAGS:

#SpaceDebris, #SpaceSituationalAwareness, #SatelliteTracking, #S73-7, #SpaceExploration, #SpaceSustainability, #SpaceSafety, #SpaceTechnology, #InternationalCollaboration, #ResponsibleSpaceStewardship #US Satellite Lost and Found

Keep Reading