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Geography

Earth Crust Is Dripping Under the Midwest US – Scientists Make a Shocking Discovery

By Jonathan Bala April 3, 2025

New studies of earthquakes showed that something is happening under the middle of the US. Parts of the Earth’s crust deep down are falling into the layer below. This find helps us understand how the Earth changes and how land masses take shape.

Summary

Seismic data reveals the Earth’s crust is “dripping” beneath the Midwest US.
This process, termed lithospheric dripping, involves the sinking of the lower crust into the mantle.
The phenomenon is observed in other regions globally, indicating a common geological process.
The study enhances understanding of continental formation, deformation, and recycling.
The research was conducted by a team led by seismologist Junlin Hua.
The findings were published in Nature Geoscience.
The study utilized seismic data from the EarthScope Consortium.
The research indicates the North American craton is thinning due to lithospheric dripping.
The ancient Farallon tectonic plate’s subduction is influencing mantle flow beneath North America.
The process has been ongoing for hundreds of millions of years.
The study provides insights into the dynamic nature of Earth’s geological processes.
The findings have implications for understanding the stability and evolution of continental structures.
The research contributes to the broader field of geophysics and tectonics.
The study shows that watching for earthquakes is key to understanding what happens inside the Earth.
The discovery opens new avenues for future geological research.

Earth's Crust Is Dripping Under the Midwest US Scientists Make a Shocking Discovery — The leak happens right beneath the Midwest.

Introduction

Beneath the American Midwest, scientists have identified a remarkable geological process: the Earth’s crust is undergoing a phenomenon known as lithospheric dripping. This process involves portions of the lower crust becoming denser and sinking into the mantle, much like the slow formation and fall of drops in the famous pitch drop experiment. While this might sound alarming, it’s a natural occurrence that offers valuable insights into the Earth’s ever-changing interior.

Understanding Lithospheric Dripping

Lithospheric dripping occurs when the lower part of the Earth’s crust, or lithosphere, becomes unstable and detaches, sinking into the more fluid mantle below. This process can lead to surface deformations and has been observed in various regions worldwide, including the Andes and the Anatolian Plateau. In the case of the Midwest US, seismic data has revealed that the lithosphere is thinning, suggesting active dripping beneath the surface.

The Role of Cratons

This discovery focuses on a craton, a big, solid part of Earth’s surface that makes up the core of a continent. People used to think the North American craton, which sits under much of the continent, was very still. But new evidence shows that even these old formations change, possibly because of lithospheric dripping.

Seismic Investigations and Findings

The research team, led by seismologist Junlin Hua, utilized data from the EarthScope Consortium to construct detailed images of the subsurface. Their analysis revealed that the craton beneath the Midwest is thinning, with blobs of molten rock forming and descending into the mantle. This suggests that the lithosphere is not as immutable as once thought.

An intriguing aspect of this study is the role of the ancient Farallon tectonic plate. Approximately 600 kilometers from the craton, remnants of the subducted Farallon plate are interacting with mantle flows, exerting shear forces on the underside of the craton and contributing to its destabilization.

While lithospheric dripping is a slow process occurring over millions of years, understanding it is crucial for comprehending continental evolution and stability. These findings not only reshape our understanding of the North American craton but also have broader implications for studying other cratonic regions worldwide.

Facts

The pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland has been running since 1927 to observe the flow of a viscous substance over decades.
Cratons are among the oldest parts of the Earth’s crust, some dating back over 2 billion years.
The Farallon plate’s subduction has significantly influenced the geological development of western North America.

References

Hua, J., et al. (2025). North America Is Dripping from Below, Geoscientists Discover. Nature Geoscience.
EarthScope Consortium
Farallon Plate – Wikipedia
Craton – Wikipedia
Pitch Drop Experiment – Wikipedia

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Space Exploration

Sentinel-1C Satellite Successfully Launches Into Space: Advancing Earth Observation

By Jonathan Bala December 6, 2024

Sentinel-1C Satellite Successfully Launches Into Space: Advancing Earth Observation

The successful launch of Sentinel-1C on a VEGA-C rocket marks a significant advancement in Earth observation, enhancing our capacity to monitor climate change, respond to natural disasters, and manage land and sea resources. This satellite, part of the European Copernicus program, ensures continuous, high-quality data collection using cutting-edge radar technology, strengthening global environmental monitoring strategies.

Summary

Sentinel-1C launched successfully on a VEGA-C rocket and will orbit 700 km above the Earth.
Part of the European Copernicus programme, it employs advanced radar technology for all-weather, day-and-night imaging of Earth’s surface.
The satellite complements Sentinel-1A, forming a synchronized constellation for enhanced Earth observation capabilities.
Sentinel-1C supports critical applications like sea-ice monitoring, forest management, disaster response, and climate tracking.
The UK had a crucial role in creating essential parts. These parts included radar subsystems and batteries. Radar subsystems are parts of a system that helps detect objects using radio waves. Batteries are devices that store and provide electrical energy to power various equipment.
Airbus Defence and Space UK led the design and manufacture of radar electronic subsystems.
Sentinel-1C carries an Automatic Identification System (AIS) for ship collision avoidance and maritime surveillance.
This satellite bolsters long-term data collection for operational services rather than research purposes, ensuring reliable information for monitoring environmental changes.
Sentinel-1C data is crucial for governments, industries, and academics, offering actionable insights across diverse applications.
Copernicus satellites, including Sentinel-2C launched earlier, enable Europe and the UK to maintain leadership in global environmental monitoring.

Mission Overview and Launch Details

Sentinel-1C launched on the VEGA-C rocket. The launch took place at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana. Sentinel-1C reached an orbit 700 km above Earth. Its mission is to continue the Sentinel-1 mission. This mission started with Sentinel-1A, which launched in 2014. Both satellites will work together. They will provide continuous and complete Earth observation data.

The satellite is equipped with a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), a highly advanced technology capable of capturing images of the Earth’s surface regardless of weather conditions or time of day. SAR’s versatility makes it invaluable for monitoring Arctic ice, detecting land movements, and assessing disaster impacts.

For further details about the Sentinel-1 mission, visit Sentinel Copernicus.

Role of the UK in Sentinel-1C Development

The UK played an important role in developing Sentinel-1C. Airbus Defence and Space in Portsmouth provided the electronics subsystem for the SAR instrument, while Enersys ABSL in Abingdon supplied the satellite’s battery.

Justin Byrne, Head of Earth Observation at Airbus UK, emphasized, “The UK has designed and manufactured radar electronics for the entire Sentinel-1 family, ensuring critical European satellite missions remain operational.”

The satellite exemplifies the UK’s commitment to Earth observation and innovation, supported by funding from the UK Space Agency. The nation’s contributions bolster the global impact of the Copernicus program and enhance its ability to deliver consistent, actionable data.

Sentinel-1C Satellite Successfully Launches Into Space Advancing Earth Observation

Applications and Benefits of Sentinel-1C

Sentinel-1C’s high-resolution radar data serves a broad range of applications, including:

Application	Impact
Climate Change Monitoring	Tracks sea ice extent, glacier motion, and other climate variables to assess global warming.
Disaster Response	Provides real-time data for responding to floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
Maritime Surveillance	Tracks shipping routes, detects piracy, and enhances global maritime safety.
Agriculture and Forestry	Monitors soil health, forest cover, and water resources to support sustainable practices.

The satellite’s Automatic Identification System (AIS) adds a new dimension to maritime safety by tracking vessels and detecting illegal activities like unregulated fishing and piracy. Learn more about Earth observation benefits at Innovation News Network.

Long-Term Data Collection for Climate Change

Unlike research satellites, Sentinel-1C is designed for operational service, ensuring consistent and reliable data for decades. Its capabilities are critical for addressing some of the world’s most pressing issues:

Land Motion Monitoring: Detects subtle ground movements in urban areas, enabling preventive measures against infrastructure failures.
Sea Ice and Oceanography: Tracks changes in Arctic and Antarctic ice, crucial for understanding the impacts of global warming.
Disaster Preparedness: Improves early warning systems for earthquakes and floods, saving lives and minimizing economic losses.

Dr. Chandra Taposeea-Fisher, Chair of the EO Committee at UKspace, explained, “Sentinel-1C’s data will empower communities and governments to make informed decisions about environmental conservation and disaster reduction.”

Technological Innovations

The SAR technology aboard Sentinel-1C is complemented by the newly integrated Automatic Identification System (AIS). This combination enables comprehensive monitoring of global maritime activities, from enhancing shipping efficiency to detecting environmental hazards like oil spills.

Professor Remedios emphasized the significance of operational radar satellites:
“The advent of radar satellites has revolutionized our ability to observe hazardous and extreme environments.”

This innovation aligns with the Copernicus programme’s mission to provide free, accessible data to scientists, governments, and industries worldwide.

Facts

Sentinel-1C can capture radar images through clouds and at night, unlike optical satellites.
The radar operates at C-band frequencies, enabling detailed surface mapping.
The satellite’s data archive will contribute to machine learning algorithms, further enhancing Earth observation research.

References

#Sentinel1C, #CopernicusProgramme, #EarthObservation, #ClimateChange, #MaritimeSafety, #SatelliteTechnology, #SARImaging, #GlobalMonitoring, #DisasterResponse, #UKSpaceIndustry, #Innovation, #EarthScience, #SpaceExploration, #RadarTechnology, #ClimateTracking

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Earth Observation Satellites

The Sound of Earth’s Magnetic Pole Reversal: A Fascinating Phenomenon

By Jonathan Bala November 1, 2024

The Sound of Earth’s Magnetic Pole Reversal: A Fascinating Phenomenon

Earth’s magnetic pole reversals are captivating natural phenomena that shed light on the powerful magnetic forces deep within our planet. Though they’re rare and unpredictable, these reversals have profound implications for life on Earth and contribute to our understanding of geology, cosmic radiation, and ancient climate changes. With the help of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Swarm mission, scientists have even recreated the eerie sounds of past reversals, making this invisible process almost tangible.

Summary

Earth’s magnetic field, responsible for protecting us from harmful cosmic radiation, occasionally undergoes a pole reversal.
Geomagnetic reversals switch the positions of the North and South magnetic poles.
These reversals happen on average every 450,000 years, but the timing is irregular.
The last full reversal was 780,000 years ago, suggesting we may be overdue.
Paleomagnetism in volcanic rocks reveals Earth’s history of pole reversals.
Magnetic pole reversals are chaotic events and can last thousands of years.
Excursions are temporary changes in the magnetic field and do not lead to full reversals.
During a reversal, Earth’s magnetic field weakens, exposing life to increased cosmic rays.
The Laschamps event was a recent magnetic excursion that weakened the magnetic field by 95%.
ESA’s Swarm mission recorded the sounds of magnetic changes, creating a haunting soundscape of the Laschamps event.
Scientists simulate the sounds of pole reversals using natural and alien-like sounds, adding a sensory dimension to the phenomenon.
The phenomenon holds implications for future reversals, scientific understanding, and technology.
Magnetic reversals also affect climate patterns, animal migration, and navigation systems.
ESA’s work on soundscapes provides a novel way to experience geomagnetic events.
The effects of magnetic reversals on human technology and biology require further research and preparation.

The Sound of Earth’s Magnetic Pole Reversal

When we think of Earth’s magnetic poles, we often imagine compasses aligning to the North Pole, guiding our navigation. However, beneath this everyday utility lies a complex and dynamic system. The North and South magnetic poles have not always remained stable in their positions; instead, they have flipped numerous times in Earth’s history in an event known as geomagnetic reversal. With recent research and audio technology, scientists have even attempted to recreate the sound of Earth’s magnetic field during these reversals, providing a fascinating auditory experience of this phenomenon.

What is a Geomagnetic Reversal?

A geomagnetic reversal is a complete flip of Earth’s magnetic poles, where the North Pole becomes the South Pole and vice versa. This reversal is neither quick nor orderly, typically taking thousands of years to complete. Although the poles change places about every 450,000 years, this is only an average; some intervals between reversals are significantly shorter or longer. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), Earth has experienced about 183 magnetic pole reversals in the past 83 million years. The last full reversal, the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal, happened approximately 780,000 years ago, meaning Earth could potentially be overdue for another flip.

Table 1: Key Differences Between Magnetic Reversal and Excursion

Feature	Magnetic Reversal	Magnetic Excursion
Duration	Thousands to millions of years	Hundreds to a few thousand years
Field Direction	Completely reverses	Temporarily shifts but returns to original orientation
Frequency	Every ~450,000 years	Irregular; happens more frequently
Field Strength	Significantly weakened	Partially weakened

Evidence of Magnetic Reversals

The evidence for magnetic pole reversals lies in a field known as paleomagnetism. When volcanic rocks cool, magnetic minerals within them align with Earth’s magnetic field. By analyzing the magnetic orientation of these rocks and determining their age, scientists can trace the history of Earth’s magnetic reversals. Magnetic stripes on the ocean floor, where new crust forms and records the magnetic field’s orientation, reveal patterns that point to past geomagnetic reversals. This record is invaluable for understanding Earth’s magnetic history and predicting future reversals.

The Laschamps Event: A Temporary Shift

Not all magnetic field changes result in a complete pole reversal. Sometimes, the magnetic field temporarily weakens and shifts without fully reversing, an event known as a geomagnetic excursion. One of the best-known excursions is the Laschamps event, which took place around 41,000 years ago. During this period, the magnetic field was about 95% weaker than usual, significantly reducing its protective function against cosmic rays. For several hundred years, increased radiation impacted the climate, animal life, and possibly early human behavior.

The Science Behind Earth’s Magnetic Field

Earth’s magnetic field originates in the outer core, composed of molten iron and nickel. As this molten metal moves, it generates electric currents, which in turn create a magnetic field—a process known as the geodynamo. This geodynamo has kept Earth’s magnetic field relatively stable for millions of years, but fluctuations in the movement of molten iron can lead to reversals and excursions. Scientists continue to investigate what triggers these reversals, though they remain complex and unpredictable events.

The Sound of Earth’s Magnetic Pole Reversal A Fascinating Phenomenon — Magnetic stripes occur because the Earth’s magnetic field reverses. Seafloor spreading also plays a part. New oceanic crust forms and becomes magnetized. Then, this crust moves away from the ridge on both sides. This diagram shows a ridge at three different times. (a) It shows about 5 million years ago. (b) It shows about 2 million years ago. (c) It shows the ridge in the present day. Image Credit: By Chmee2 – derived from File:Oceanic.Stripe.Magnetic.Anomalies.Scheme.gif, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18557170

Table 2: Geodynamo and Magnetic Reversal Facts

Key Aspect	Description
Core Composition	Mostly iron and nickel
Geodynamo	Motion of molten iron creates magnetic field
Reversal Trigger	Possibly related to core-mantle interactions
Time Frame for Reversal	Thousands to millions of years

How Magnetic Reversals Impact Earth

The magnetic field shields Earth from cosmic radiation and solar wind, both of which are high-energy particles that can harm living organisms and technology. During a reversal, as the magnetic field weakens, Earth becomes more vulnerable to these particles. Increased exposure to cosmic rays could impact life on Earth in several ways:

Climate Impact: Cosmic rays can influence cloud formation, potentially altering Earth’s climate during reversals.
Radiation Exposure: Humans and animals, especially those at higher altitudes, might experience increased exposure to harmful radiation.
Biological Navigation: Many animals, such as birds and sea turtles, rely on Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. A reversal might disrupt their migratory patterns.

ESA’s Swarm Mission and the Sound of a Pole Reversal

To better understand magnetic reversals, the European Space Agency launched the Swarm mission in 2013. Swarm consists of three satellites that measure Earth’s magnetic signals from the core, mantle, oceans, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. The data collected by Swarm have been instrumental in creating a soundscape that simulates the auditory experience of a magnetic reversal.

Using data from the Laschamps event, scientists at the Technical University of Denmark crafted a soundscape that blends natural sounds like falling rocks and creaking wood with alien-like noises. The result is an eerie, pulsating composition that evokes the chaotic nature of Earth’s magnetic shifts. The soundscape was first presented as a public art installation in Copenhagen, with 32 speakers representing changes in the magnetic field at 32 global locations.

How the Sound of Reversals is Created

The Swarm team used recordings from various natural sources to replicate the intensity and unpredictability of a geomagnetic reversal. The soundscape gives listeners a visceral sense of the immense forces at play beneath Earth’s surface. Dr. Lars Nielsen, lead scientist of the project, describes the soundscape as “an attempt to bridge the gap between science and sensory experience, allowing people to feel the phenomenon rather than just learn about it.”

Implications for Future Magnetic Reversals

Though the magnetic pole reversals do not appear to pose a direct threat to life, they present potential challenges for modern technology. Communication satellites, power grids, and other infrastructure systems are sensitive to geomagnetic disturbances, which may increase during a reversal. As scientists continue to monitor the magnetic field, preparations may be necessary to protect critical systems from increased cosmic radiation and electromagnetic interference.

Facts about Magnetic Reversals

Frequent Phenomenon: Earth has had about 183 magnetic reversals in the last 83 million years.
Slow Process: A full reversal can take thousands to even millions of years.
Weakened Shield: During a reversal, the magnetic field’s strength may drop to as low as 5% of its original level.
Ancient Clues: Magnetic field orientation in rocks helps geologists trace reversals back millions of years.
Navigational Impact: Some animals, like birds and whales, might be affected due to their reliance on Earth’s magnetic field.

The phenomenon of Earth’s magnetic pole reversal continues to captivate scientists and the public alike. It highlights the complexity and dynamism of Earth’s core processes, which, though invisible, have significant effects on life and technology. With missions like ESA’s Swarm, we are uncovering new ways to visualize, and even listen to, these awe-inspiring events. As research advances, we can anticipate a deeper understanding of magnetic reversals and better preparedness for future shifts.

Visit the European Space Agency’s (ESA) SoundCloud channel. They share their audio creations there.

#EarthScience, #MagneticReversal, #SwarmMission, #Geology, #CosmicRadiation, #PoleShift, #ClimateImpact, #Geodynamo, #ESA

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Earth Observation Satellites

SpaceX to Launch NOAA’s Advanced Climate Satellite with $113 Million Contract

By Jonathan Bala July 24, 2024

SpaceX to Launch NOAA’s Advanced Climate Satellite with $113 Million Contract

SpaceX has been awarded a $112.7 million contract to launch NOAA’s JPSS-4 satellite. The JPSS-4 is part of the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program, a cooperative effort between NOAA and NASA. The satellite will be launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base in 2027. The JPSS program aims to collect critical data on Earth’s land, sea, and air to support weather prediction, climate monitoring, and disaster response. Three JPSS satellites have already been launched and remain operational, contributing to decades of Earth science research. The Falcon 9 has experienced a recent failure, but SpaceX continues to be a key player in space missions. The JPSS fleet will eventually consist of five satellites, with JPSS-3 scheduled to launch in 2032.

Summary

SpaceX wins $112.7 million contract for JPSS-4 launch.
JPSS-4 is part of NOAA and NASA’s Joint Polar Satellite System.
Launch scheduled for 2027 from Vandenberg Space Force Base.
JPSS satellites collect vital Earth data for weather, climate, and disaster monitoring.
Three operational JPSS satellites: Suomi NPP, JPSS-1, and JPSS-2.
Falcon 9 has launched 69 times in 2024 but recently suffered a failure.
JPSS-3 scheduled for 2032, completing the five-satellite fleet.
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 grounded temporarily due to recent mission failure.
JPSS program enhances Earth science research and benefits humanity.

SpaceX to Launch NOAA’s Advanced Climate Satellite with $113 Million Contract

SpaceX, the private spaceflight company founded by Elon Musk, continues to expand its portfolio of significant space missions. In 2027, the company will launch the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) JPSS-4 satellite from California’s Vandenberg Space Force Base. This mission, secured with a firm, fixed-price contract worth $112.7 million, marks another milestone in SpaceX’s busy launch schedule.

Overview of the JPSS Program

The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is a collaborative effort between NOAA and NASA. This constellation of satellites plays a crucial role in collecting comprehensive data on Earth’s land, sea, and air. Such data are pivotal for continuous observation of Earth’s environment, aiding in understanding and predicting changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts. This information supports the nation’s economy, protects lives and property, and advances Earth science research.

NASA officials stated, “These data support NOAA’s mission for continuous observation of Earth’s environment to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts to support the nation’s economy and protect lives and property. NASA uses the instruments aboard the JPSS satellites to continue decades of Earth science research for the betterment of humanity.

JPSS Satellites: A Legacy of Environmental Monitoring

Three JPSS satellites have been launched to date, and all remain operational, providing invaluable data for environmental monitoring:

Suomi NPP: Launched in October 2011 atop a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket.
JPSS-1 (NOAA-20): Launched in November 2017 and renamed NOAA-20 upon reaching its final orbit, also via a Delta II rocket.
JPSS-2 (NOAA-21): Launched in November 2022 atop an Atlas V rocket.

These satellites have established a robust legacy of environmental monitoring, and the JPSS fleet will eventually comprise five satellites. The next in line, JPSS-3, is scheduled for launch in 2032.

Importance of the JPSS-4 Mission

The JPSS-4 satellite is expected to further enhance NOAA’s capability to monitor and predict environmental changes. By providing detailed observations of atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial conditions, JPSS-4 will contribute to more accurate weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and disaster response efforts. This information is vital for various sectors, including agriculture, aviation, and emergency management.

SpaceX’s Role and the Falcon 9 Rocket

SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket will be the launch vehicle for the JPSS-4 mission. Known for its reliability and reusability, the Falcon 9 has become a cornerstone of SpaceX’s operations. In 2024 alone, the Falcon 9 has launched 69 times, showcasing its capability to handle a high volume of missions.

However, the rocket recently experienced a setback. On July 11, 2024, the Falcon 9’s upper stage developed a leak of liquid oxygen during a mission, preventing it from completing an orbit-raising engine burn as planned. As a result, the rocket deployed its payloads—20 Starlink internet satellites—too low, leading to their presumed demise in Earth’s atmosphere. Despite this incident, SpaceX’s track record remains strong, and the company is expected to resolve the issue promptly.

Financial and Technical Aspects

The $112.7 million contract awarded to SpaceX includes not only the launch services but also other mission-related costs. This investment underscores the importance of the JPSS-4 mission and highlights SpaceX’s capability to deliver complex and critical space missions.

The JPSS program builds on decades of Earth science research. The data collected by these satellites help scientists understand long-term climate trends and provide critical information for disaster preparedness and response. With the addition of JPSS-4 and the eventual launch of JPSS-3 in 2032, the JPSS fleet will continue to be a cornerstone of environmental monitoring and research.

Impact on Earth Science and Humanity

The JPSS satellites, including the upcoming JPSS-4, are equipped with advanced instruments that provide detailed observations of various environmental parameters. These observations are crucial for numerous applications:

Weather Prediction: Accurate weather forecasts are essential for agriculture, transportation, and emergency management. The data from JPSS satellites help meteorologists make precise predictions, improving public safety and economic stability.
Climate Monitoring: Long-term climate data are vital for understanding global warming and its impacts. JPSS satellites contribute to climate models, aiding scientists in predicting future climate scenarios.
Disaster Response: Real-time data from JPSS satellites support disaster response efforts by providing critical information on storms, wildfires, floods, and other natural disasters. This information helps authorities make informed decisions, potentially saving lives and reducing property damage.

Technical Specifications of JPSS-4

Parameter	Specification
Launch Vehicle	Falcon 9
Launch Site	Vandenberg Space Force Base
Satellite Operator	NOAA
Mission Type	Earth Observation
Instrumentation	Advanced Environmental Sensors
Primary Objective	Weather and Climate Monitoring
Contract Value	$112.7 million

SpaceX’s Broader Mission Portfolio

SpaceX is important in the commercial space sector. The company is busy with many launches. These include missions with astronauts and commercial satellite deployments. They also do interplanetary exploration missions. The Falcon 9 rocket has a part called the reusable first stage. This part of the rocket can be used again. This feature has changed space travel by making launches cheaper and more frequent.

Despite the recent setback with the Falcon 9, SpaceX’s innovative approach to spaceflight ensures that such challenges are addressed swiftly. The company’s commitment to continuous improvement and its track record of successful missions position it as a leader in the aerospace industry.

The JPSS program is set to continue its mission of providing critical environmental data well into the future. With JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 scheduled for launch, the program will enhance its observational capabilities, contributing to a better understanding of Earth’s complex environmental systems.

Conclusion

The partnership between SpaceX, NOAA, and NASA shows the teamwork needed for advancing space exploration and Earth science. The launch of the JPSS-4 satellite in 2027 will help NOAA improve its environmental monitoring. It will also strengthen SpaceX’s reputation as a dependable and innovative launch provider. The JPSS program will keep evolving and help tackle environmental challenges.

By using advanced technology and working together, missions like JPSS-4 help us understand our planet better. This understanding will benefit humanity.

Hashtags

#SpaceX, #NOAA, #JPSS4, #ClimateMonitoring, #EarthScience, #WeatherPrediction, #SatelliteLaunch, #Falcon9, #NASA, #EnvironmentalMonitoring

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Geography

Climate Change Experiments: NASA’s PREFIRE CubeSats Start Groundbreaking Mission

By Jonathan Bala June 6, 2024

Climate Change Experiments: NASA’s PREFIRE CubeSats Start Groundbreaking Mission

Key Takeaway:

NASA’s PREFIRE mission, comprising two CubeSats launched on Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket, aims to study Earth’s polar regions and improve climate models. The data collected will help predict changes in ice, sea levels, and weather patterns in a warming world.

Summary

Mission Overview: PREFIRE’s goal is to understand how Earth’s poles regulate the planet’s energy balance.
Launch Details: Two CubeSats launched from Māhia, New Zealand, with the second launch on June 5, 2024.
Scientific Objectives: Study far-infrared radiation emissions from the Arctic and Antarctic.
Technological Innovation: Use of miniaturized thermal infrared spectrometers.
Impact: Improved climate and weather prediction models.
Collaboration: Joint effort between NASA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Blue Canyon Technologies.

Introduction

NASA has embarked on a pioneering mission to study the impact of climate change on Earth’s polar regions. This mission, known as PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment), utilizes two small CubeSats equipped with advanced thermal infrared spectrometers. Launched on Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket from Māhia, New Zealand, these CubeSats aim to provide crucial data to enhance our understanding of climate dynamics and improve predictive models.

PREFIRE Mission Overview

The PREFIRE mission is designed to fill a critical gap in our understanding of how Earth’s poles influence the global climate system. By measuring far-infrared radiation emitted from the Arctic and Antarctic, scientists can gain insights into the energy balance of our planet. This information is vital for predicting changes in ice cover, sea levels, and weather patterns as the climate continues to warm.

Launch Details and Mission Timeline

The PREFIRE mission consists of two CubeSats, each about the size of a shoebox. The first CubeSat was launched on May 25, 2024, followed by the second on June 5, 2024. Both launches took place from Rocket Lab’s Launch Complex 1 in Māhia, New Zealand. Following a 30-day checkout period, during which engineers and scientists will verify the CubeSats’ functionality, the mission is expected to operate for ten months.

Table 1: Launch Details

Event	Date	Location
First CubeSat Launch	May 25, 2024	Māhia, New Zealand
Second CubeSat Launch	June 5, 2024	Māhia, New Zealand
Mission Duration	10 months	Near-polar orbits

Scientific Objectives

The primary scientific objective of the PREFIRE mission is to measure far-infrared radiation from Earth’s polar regions. The poles act as radiators, shedding much of the heat absorbed at the tropics back into space. Understanding this process is crucial for modeling the Earth’s energy budget and predicting climate change impacts.

Technological Innovation

Each PREFIRE CubeSat carries a thermal infrared spectrometer, an instrument designed to measure infrared wavelengths. The spectrometers use specially shaped mirrors and sensors, miniaturized to fit within the compact CubeSat frame. These advanced sensors are more sensitive than previous instruments, allowing for more precise measurements.

Impact on Climate and Weather Models

The data collected by the PREFIRE mission will enhance our understanding of how polar regions contribute to Earth’s overall energy balance. This information will improve the accuracy of climate and weather prediction models, leading to better forecasts and more informed decision-making.

Table 2: Expected Impacts of PREFIRE Data

Area of Impact	Description
Sea Level Rise	Improved predictions of melting ice and rising seas
Weather Patterns	Better understanding of polar influence on weather
Snow and Ice Cover	Accurate tracking of changes in polar ice sheets
Climate Models	Enhanced models for long-term climate predictions

The PREFIRE mission is a collaborative effort involving several key partners. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) manages the mission, with the University of Wisconsin-Madison responsible for data processing. Blue Canyon Technologies built the CubeSats, while Rocket Lab USA Inc. provided the launch services. The mission is part of NASA’s Venture-class Acquisition of Dedicated and Rideshare (VADR) launch services contract.

The PREFIRE mission represents a significant step forward in climate research. By providing detailed measurements of far-infrared radiation from Earth’s polar regions, it will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the climate system. This knowledge is essential for developing effective strategies to reduce and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

NASA’s PREFIRE mission is a groundbreaking effort to study the far-infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s polar regions. The data collected by the two CubeSats will enhance our understanding of the planet’s energy balance and improve climate and weather prediction models. This mission exemplifies the power of collaboration and technological innovation in advancing our knowledge of climate change and its impacts on Earth.

For additional information about PREFIRE, please visit:

https://science.nasa.gov/mission/prefire/

Hashtags:

#NASA, #PREFIRE, #ClimateChange, #CubeSats, #PolarResearch, #EarthScience, #InfraredRadiation, #ClimateModels, #EnvironmentalScience

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Earth Observation Satellites

NASA Launches Cutting-Edge Satellite for Polar Climate Study

By Jonathan Bala May 28, 2024

NASA Launches Cutting-Edge Satellite for Polar Climate Study

Key Takeaway

NASA launched the first of two shoebox-sized satellites called PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) to study Earth’s heat emissions at the poles. This data will improve our understanding of how Earth’s climate is changing.

Summary

Mission Goal: The PREFIRE mission aims to measure the amount of heat Earth radiates from the poles, which are critical regions for regulating Earth’s climate.
Launch: The first PREFIRE CubeSat was launched on May 25, 2024, aboard an Electron rocket from Rocket Lab. A second launch is planned soon.
Mission Duration: The mission is expected to operate for 10 months after a 30-day checkout period.
Scientific Importance: The far-infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s poles is not currently well-measured. PREFIRE will provide crucial data to improve our understanding of Earth’s energy balance and how it is affected by factors like ice melt and cloud cover.
Benefits: Improved climate and weather models will aid researchers in predicting the impacts of climate change on Earth’s ice, seas, and weather patterns. This information will be valuable for sectors like agriculture, fishing, and coastal communities.
Partners: This collaborative mission was developed by NASA and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Tech Behind the Mission: The tiny satellites, called CubeSats, carry miniaturized thermal infrared spectrometers to measure infrared wavelengths.

NASA Launches Cutting-Edge Satellite for Polar Climate Study

Our planet’s climate is a complicated dance between incoming solar radiation and the heat Earth radiates back out into space. Understanding this energy balance is crucial for predicting the impacts of climate change. But there’s a critical gap in our knowledge: far-infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s poles, which play a giant role in regulating global temperatures, remains poorly measured.

This is where NASA’s recently launched PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) mission comes in.

Shedding Light on the Polar Chill

PREFIRE is a game-changer. Forget clunky, massive satellites – the mission utilizes two minisatellites, affectionately called CubeSats, each about the size of a shoebox. These tiny titans pack a powerful punch, carrying miniaturized thermal infrared spectrometers to measure the far-infrared wavelengths escaping from Earth’s poles.

The first PREFIRE CubeSat hitched a ride on a Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket on May 25, 2024, with its twin set to follow soon. Following a checkout period, the mission is expected to be operational for 10 months, gathering crucial data on Earth’s energy balance at the Arctic and Antarctic.

Big Benefits from Small Packages

The significance of PREFIRE cannot be overstated. By filling this critical data gap, the mission will provide scientists with a more comprehensive picture of Earth’s energy budget. This improved understanding will significantly enhance climate and weather models, allowing for more accurate predictions of how a warming world will affect Earth’s polar ice caps, sea levels, and weather patterns.

These insights have far-reaching implications. Better climate models will equip sectors like agriculture, fishing, and coastal communities with the knowledge they need to prepare for and adapt to the inevitable consequences of climate change.

A Collaborative Effort with Monumental Potential

The PREFIRE mission is a testament to the power of collaboration. This innovative project is a joint effort between NASA and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. While NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the mission and provided the spectrometers, Blue Canyon Technologies built the CubeSats, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison will take the lead in processing the treasure trove of data collected during the mission.

The miniaturization of the technology behind PREFIRE represents another major leap forward in space exploration. These CubeSats demonstrate the immense potential of smaller, more cost-effective satellites to revolutionize our understanding of Earth and beyond.

The launch of the first PREFIRE CubeSat marks a new chapter in Earth science. With these tiny titans gazing down at our planet’s poles, we can anticipate giant strides in unraveling the mysteries of Earth’s climate and charting a course for a sustainable future.

For more details, read the source: NASA’s PREFIRE Mission.

HASHTAGS:

#NASA, #ClimateChange, #EarthScience, #PREFIRE, #CubeSats, #RemoteSensing, #Poles, #FarInfrared, #EnergyBalance, #ClimatePrediction #arctic ice climate change

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Geography

Antarctic 2024: Another Giant Antarctic Iceberg Breaks Free

By Jonathan Bala May 26, 2024

Antarctic 2024: Another Giant Antarctic Iceberg Breaks Free

Key Takeaway

The recent calving of a giant iceberg (A-83) from the Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica is another sign of the weakening ice shelves due to rising global temperatures.

Summary

A large iceberg measuring 380 square kilometers (147 square miles) named A-83 broke away from the Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica on May 20th, 2024.
This is the third major calving event in Antarctica in the last four years, following A-74 in 2021 and A-81 in 2023.
Satellites like ESA’s Copernicus Sentinel-1 and NASA’s Landsat 8 captured the calving event using radar imaging and thermal data.
The calving is attributed to the weakening of ice caused by the McDonald Ice Rumples and the extension of the ‘Halloween Crack’ in the Brunt Ice Shelf.
Scientists use satellite data to monitor ice shelf health in response to climate change.
The iceberg doesn’t pose a threat to the Halley VI Research Station, which was relocated earlier due to ice shelf instability.
The ongoing ice loss in Antarctica is a worrying sign of global warming, leading to sea-level rise, coastal flooding, and further temperature increase.
Monitoring polar ice plays a crucial role in climate change adaptation and reduction strategies.

Data on brightness temperature is from the U.S. Landsat 8 mission. Credit: ESA/USGS

Another Antarctic Iceberg Breaks Away

The icy expanse of Antarctica is constantly changing, but a recent event has scientists raising a collective eyebrow. On May 20th, 2024, a massive iceberg measuring a staggering 380 square kilometers (147 square miles) broke away from the Brunt Ice Shelf. This behemoth, named A-83, marks the third significant calving event in Antarctica in just four years, following A-74 in 2021 and the even larger A-81 in 2023.

These repeated calving events are a stark reminder of the accelerating impact of climate change on the Earth’s polar regions. The Brunt Ice Shelf is a critical buttress for glaciers flowing into the Weddell Sea. As the ice shelf weakens, these glaciers lose support and accelerate their flow into the ocean, contributing to rising sea levels.

The culprit behind the recent calving is a combination of factors. The McDonald Ice Rumples, underwater ridges that disrupt the flow of ice, have weakened the Brunt Ice Shelf for some time. Additionally, a vast crack, ominously nicknamed the “Halloween Crack,” has steadily grown within the ice shelf, further compromising its structural integrity.

Thankfully, sophisticated Earth observation satellites are keeping a watchful eye on Antarctica. ESA’s Copernicus Sentinel-1 and NASA’s Landsat 8 played a vital role in capturing the calving event. Sentinel-1, with its radar imaging capabilities, can see through clouds and darkness, providing valuable data year-round. Landsat 8, on the other hand, uses thermal imaging to help scientists assess ice sheet thickness. By analyzing these different datasets, scientists can monitor changes in ice shelves and understand the mechanisms driving calving events.

The good news is that the A-83 iceberg doesn’t pose an immediate threat to the British Antarctic Survey’s Halley VI Research Station. The station was strategically relocated in 2017 due to concerns about ice shelf stability. However, the bigger picture remains a cause for concern. The ongoing loss of ice from Antarctica is a significant contributor to rising sea levels. This, in turn, threatens coastal communities around the world with increased flooding and erosion.

Furthermore, as polar ice sheets melt, they expose darker ocean surfaces that absorb more solar radiation. This creates a vicious cycle, accelerating global warming even further.

The recent calving event in Antarctica underscores the urgency of addressing climate change. Continued monitoring of the polar ice caps through advanced satellite technology is crucial for understanding the pace and impact of ice loss. This data is essential for developing effective mitigation strategies and adaptation plans to tackle the challenges posed by a warming planet.

This isn’t just a story about a giant iceberg breaking free. It’s a story about the interconnectedness of our planet and the far-reaching consequences of climate change. By understanding the science behind these events, we can take informed action to ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and generations to come.

HASHTAGS:

#Antarctica, #Icebergs, #ClimateChange, #GlobalWarming, #Glaciology, #EarthScience, #SeaLevelRise, #RemoteSensing, #PolarIce, #Environment, #antarctic 2024

References

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Iceberg A-83 Breaks Free – European Space Agency (ESA)

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Earth Observation Satellites

PREFIRE Mission by NASA Set to Explore Earth’s Poles

By Jonathan Bala May 21, 2024

PREFIRE Mission by NASA Set to Explore Earth’s Poles

Key Takeaway

NASA’s PREFIRE mission is set to enhance our understanding of heat emissions from Earth’s poles using a pair of cubesats designed to measure far-infrared radiation. This data will provide critical insights into the rapidly changing polar climates and their global impacts.

Summary

Mission Name: Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE)
Objective: Measure heat emissions from Earth’s polar regions
Satellites: Two cubesats, “Ready, Aim, PREFIRE” and “PREFIRE and ICE”
Launch Dates: May 22 (Ready, Aim, PREFIRE), a few days later (PREFIRE and ICE)
Launch Site: Rocket Lab’s Launch Complex 1, Māhia, New Zealand
Primary Instrument: Thermal infrared spectrometers
Key Measurements: Far-infrared radiation (wavelengths > 15 microns)
Significance: Data to improve climate models, predict sea level rise, and understand polar climate impacts
Accessibility: Open and freely available data for global scientists
Partners: University of Wisconsin-Madison, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Similar Missions: Mars Climate Sounder (MCS), Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment

The PREFIRE Mission

Heat emissions from Earth’s polar regions are a critical component of our planet’s climate system. However, we know surprisingly little about how this heat is lost to space. NASA’s Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) aims to change that. This mission, involving two small cubesats, will provide unprecedented data on the far-infrared radiation emitted from the Arctic and Antarctic, offering new insights into the polar climate and its broader impacts on global weather systems.

Mission Overview

The Satellites

PREFIRE consists of two cubesats, rightly named “Ready, Aim, PREFIRE” and “PREFIRE and ICE.” These compact satellites, each about the size of a loaf of bread, will launch separately into near-polar orbits. The first cubesat is scheduled to launch on May 22, 2024, aboard a Rocket Lab Electron rocket from Māhia, New Zealand. The second will follow a few days later.

Scientific Goals

The primary goal of PREFIRE is to measure far-infrared radiation, specifically wavelengths longer than 15 microns. This spectrum accounts for approximately 60% of the total heat lost at the poles. “We’ve never measured that before,” said Tristan L’Ecuyer, PREFIRE’s Principal Investigator at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, emphasizing the mission’s groundbreaking nature.

The Importance of Polar Heat Emissions

Rapid Arctic Warming

The Arctic is experiencing warming at a rate faster than any other region on Earth, leading to significant changes in local ecosystems and global weather patterns. Understanding how heat is emitted from this region is crucial for predicting future climate changes. “Ultimately, [PREFIRE] information is going to be combined with our climate models,” L’Ecuyer explained, “and hopefully we’ll be able to improve our ability to simulate what sea level rise might look like in the future.”

Global Climate Impacts

The data collected by PREFIRE will be invaluable in refining our climate models, particularly in understanding how polar changes affect weather systems worldwide. This includes better predictions of phenomena such as sea level rise and extreme weather events.

Technical Specifications

Instruments and Design

Each PREFIRE cubesat is equipped with a single thermal infrared spectrometer. These instruments are scaled-down versions of technology used in previous NASA missions, such as the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) and the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS). Mary White, PREFIRE Project Manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, noted, “We’ve adapted proven technology for a cost-effective, focused mission.”

Dual-Satellite Approach

Having two satellites provides a unique advantage. “Having one cubesat would be able to sort of map out what the emission looks like in the polar regions,” said L’Ecuyer. “We’ll be using the two cubesats to make measurements over the course of several hours, taking the difference between those measurements and trying to understand how the processes that are occurring in the Arctic are actually affecting the emission from the Arctic.”

Broader Context and Collaboration

Part of a Larger Effort

PREFIRE fits into NASA’s broader strategy of combining large-scale missions with smaller, specialized ones to create a comprehensive understanding of Earth’s climate system. Karen St. Germain, NASA’s Earth Science Division director, explained, “NASA needs both our large missions and these smaller missions… to answer this full range of questions we have about understanding the Earth as a system.”

Data Accessibility

In line with NASA’s commitment to open science, all data collected by PREFIRE will be freely available to the public. This ensures that researchers worldwide can access and utilize this valuable information to further our collective understanding of climate dynamics. “All NASA data are open and freely available to all scientists or all people who are interested around the world,” White confirmed.

Expected Outcomes

Enhanced Climate Models

The insights gained from PREFIRE will significantly enhance our climate models. By providing detailed measurements of far-infrared radiation, scientists can better understand the heat exchange processes at the poles and their influence on global climate systems. This will improve predictions of future climate scenarios, including the rate and impact of sea level rise.

Informed Policy Decisions

The data from PREFIRE will not only advance scientific knowledge but also inform policy decisions related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Accurate climate models are essential for developing effective strategies to address the ongoing and future impacts of global warming.

Tables

Table 1: Key Details of PREFIRE Mission

Component	Details
Mission Name	Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE)
Objective	Measure heat emissions from Earth’s polar regions
Satellites	Two cubesats: “Ready, Aim, PREFIRE” and “PREFIRE and ICE”
Launch Dates	May 22, 2024 (Ready, Aim, PREFIRE), a few days later (PREFIRE and ICE)
Launch Site	Rocket Lab’s Launch Complex 1, Māhia, New Zealand
Primary Instrument	Thermal infrared spectrometers
Measurement Focus	Far-infrared radiation (wavelengths > 15 microns)
Data Accessibility	Open and freely available to the public
Partners	University of Wisconsin-Madison, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Table 2: Similar NASA Missions and Technologies

Mission	Objective	Key Instrument	Outcome
Mars Climate Sounder (MCS)	Study Martian atmosphere and climate	Thermal infrared spectrometer	Improved understanding of Martian climate processes
Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment	Measure lunar surface temperatures	Radiometer	Detailed thermal maps of the Moon’s surface
Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)	Map mineral composition of the Moon	Imaging spectrometer	Discovery of water/hydroxyl on the lunar surface

NASA’s PREFIRE mission represents a significant step forward in our understanding of the polar climate and its global impacts. By measuring far-infrared radiation from the Arctic and Antarctic, PREFIRE will provide critical data to improve climate models, predict sea level rise, and understand the broader effects of polar climate change. The mission’s open data policy ensures that scientists worldwide can access and utilize this information, fostering global collaboration in the fight against climate change.

With PREFIRE, NASA continues to lead the way in climate research, combining cutting-edge technology with a commitment to open science and international cooperation. As the mission unfolds, the data collected will be invaluable in our efforts to understand and mitigate the impacts of a warming world.

Hashtags

#NASA, #PREFIRE, #ClimateChange, #EarthScience, #PolarResearch, #FarInfrared, #Cubesats, #ArcticWarming, #GlobalWarming, #ClimateModels, #SpaceResearch, #NASAClimate, #OpenScience

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Earth Observation Satellites

Earth’s Shield Collapsed 41,000 Years Ago

By Jonathan Bala May 8, 2024

Earth’s Shield Collapsed 41,000 Years Ago

A study on the Laschamps excursion, an event 41,000 years ago when Earth’s magnetic shield weakened, reveals that the transition from normal to reversed field took 250 years and stayed reversed for about 440 years. During this period, the shield weakened to 25% of its normal strength, allowing more cosmogenic radionuclides to reach Earth’s surface. The weakening of the shield also affected the ozone layer, climate, and wind patterns. Although the event has been linked to extinctions and cave art, the effects of cosmic rays when the shield is weak remain uncertain.

The Laschamps excursion occurred 41,000 years ago when Earth’s magnetic shield weakened, allowing cosmic rays to reach the atmosphere.
Radionuclides from cosmic rays were embedded in sediments, ice cores, and living things.
The Earth’s magnetic field transitioned from normal to reversed over 250 years and remained reversed for around 440 years.
The weakening of the shield affected the ozone layer, climate, and wind patterns.
The Laschamps event has been linked to extinctions and cave art, but these links lack strong scientific evidence.
The effect of cosmic rays on life when the shield is weak is uncertain.
The magnetic shield is not static, and anomalies like the South Atlantic Anomaly exist.

Earth’s Shield Collapsed 41,000 Years Ago

Earth is vulnerable without its protective barrier. This barrier is the planet’s magnetic shield, which keeps cosmic rays at bay. However, occasionally, this shield weakens and fluctuates. When this happens, cosmic rays penetrate and hit the atmosphere, generating a shower of particles. Scientists believe these particles could significantly damage the biosphere.

One example occurred 41,000 years ago during an event known as the Laschamps excursion.

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles, typically protons or atomic nuclei, that travel at extremely high speeds. Under normal conditions, the Earth’s magnetic shield deflects these away from the planet. But the shield can change in strength and orientation, allowing cosmic rays to strike the Earth’s atmosphere.

This interaction produces a spray of secondary particles called cosmogenic radionuclides. These isotopes are found in sediments, ice cores, and even within the structures of trees. They include various types, such as Calcium 41 and Carbon 14.

These isotopes vary in stability. Some are stable, while others are radioactive, with half-lives ranging from 20 minutes for Carbon 11 to 15.7 million years for Xenon 129.

When the Earth’s magnetic shield weakens, more isotopes reach and accumulate on the surface. By studying sediment and ice cores, scientists can track the history of the magnetic shield. Research shows that there was a geomagnetic excursion or reversal, called the Laschamps excursion, identified through geomagnetic anomalies in the Laschamps lava flows in France.

The Earth’s magnetic poles typically flip every few hundred thousand years, switching North to South and vice versa. Between these flips are lesser events known as excursions, where the poles drift without fully switching. These excursions can last from a few thousand up to tens of thousands of years, weakening the Earth’s shield and allowing more cosmic rays to hit the atmosphere, thereby increasing radionuclide production.

Scientists, in paleomagnetic studies, often focus on Beryllium 10. This isotope, with a half-life of 1.36 million years, accumulates on the soil surface.

Sanja Panovska, a geomagnetism researcher at GFZ Potsdam, Germany, presented findings on the Laschamps excursion at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in 2024. She reported that during this period, production of Beryllium 10 doubled. She combined data on cosmogenic radionuclides and paleomagnetic studies to reconstruct the magnetic field at that time. Her findings indicated that the magnetic field weakened to 5% of its normal strength during the transition to a reversed field, which lasted about 250 years. The field stayed reversed for about 440 years and operated at about 25% of its regular strength during that period. This significant weakening allowed more cosmogenic radionuclides to reach Earth’s surface.

These isotopes not only accumulate in sediments and ice, but also impact the ozone layer and climate. Lowering the shield and the ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach us, cooling the high-altitude atmosphere and altering wind flows, possibly causing severe changes on Earth’s surface.

This event, the Laschamps excursion, has been suggested as a factor contributing to significant events like the extinction of Neanderthals and the emergence of cave art. Although these correlations lack robust scientific support, such events pose real risks; a similar modern occurrence could disrupt power grids and cause widespread auroras in equatorial regions.

Panovska stressed the importance of understanding these extreme events for predicting future space climate and assessing environmental impacts.

The magnetic shield displays anomalies, like the South Atlantic Anomaly, where the field is weakest. This affects satellites, exposing them to higher radiation levels, showing the complex nature of Earth’s magnetic field.

Understanding the impact of cosmic rays during periods when the magnetic shield is weak is crucial. Although it’s tempting to link events like the Laschamps excursion with major extinctions directly, the relationship is not straightforward since life continues despite numerous shifts and reversals in the magnetic poles.

Hashtags:

#EarthScience, #Geology, #MagneticShield, #ClimateChange, #CosmicRays #Earth’s Shield Collapsed

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