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Space Exploration

NASA and Roscosmos Clash Over International Space Station Air Leak

By Jonathan Bala November 14, 2024

NASA and Roscosmos Clash Over International Space Station Air Leak

The disagreement between NASA and Roscosmos regarding the cause and potential danger of a persistent air leak in the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) reveals critical concerns about the station’s aging infrastructure and the need for closer international collaboration.

Summary

NASA and Roscosmos have different theories about the cause of the leak.
The air leak in the Zvezda module, detected in 2019, has increased over time.
Cracks in the module may be due to high cyclic fatigue and stress.
Both agencies have worked on narrowing down the cause but are yet to find a consensus.
Repairs have reduced the leak but have not fully eliminated it.
Concerns remain about the structural integrity of the PrK docking port.
Collaboration efforts are underway, including bringing in external experts.
Astronauts have been taking precautionary measures, such as sealing hatches.
The ISS Advisory Committee continues to oversee safety measures.
The age of the ISS plays a significant role in these ongoing challenges.

The Persistent Air Leak and Its Implications

The International Space Station, a marvel of human ingenuity and international collaboration, has hosted astronauts for over two decades. However, the station is not immune to the passage of time, and signs of wear and tear have become increasingly apparent. One of the most concerning issues to date is the persistent air leak in the Russian segment of the ISS, specifically within the Zvezda service module.

The air leak was first detected in 2019, but it has only grown more severe. At its peak, the leak resulted in a loss of 1.7 kilograms of air per day. Although repair efforts have managed to reduce the rate of air loss, the leak remains a significant concern for both NASA and Roscosmos. The disagreements over its cause and potential severity have sparked a complex debate, affecting the safety of the station’s crew and the future of the ISS itself.

Diverging Theories: NASA vs. Roscosmos

Russian engineers have posited that the cracks in the PrK docking port are likely due to high cyclic fatigue, a condition that occurs when a material is subjected to repeated loading and unloading. The constant micro-vibrations and stresses experienced by the space station as it orbits the Earth at high speeds could very well be responsible for these cracks. From the Russian perspective, continued operations in the affected area are deemed safe.

Roscosmos has undertaken numerous measures to identify and seal the leaks. However, they maintain that a catastrophic failure of the PrK module is unlikely. They have provided assurances based on structural analyses, but NASA has yet to be convinced.

NASA’s Concerns

NASA’s experts, on the other hand, believe that the issue may be more complex. Their analysis suggests that multiple factors could be contributing to the problem. In addition to cyclic fatigue, they cite pressure fluctuations, mechanical stress, material properties, and exposure to the harsh space environment as potential causes.

Bob Cabana is the chairman of NASA’s ISS Advisory Committee. He pointed out a problem. Teams are investigating why cracks started and how they grow. The U.S. and Russian technical teams do not agree on the main cause. They also do not agree on how serious the leak problems are.

The differences in opinion have created a stalemate, with both sides seeking additional evidence to support their theories. Meanwhile, the safety and well-being of the ISS crew remain paramount.

Safety Precautions and Astronaut Experiences

Despite the disagreements, NASA and Roscosmos have worked together to implement safety measures for the astronauts on board. One of the key precautions involves sealing off the PrK module when it is not in use. Additionally, hatches between the Russian and American segments are kept closed as a precautionary measure.

Michael Barratt, a NASA astronaut who spent nearly eight months on the station, shared his experiences during a briefing. “We’ve taken a very conservative approach to close a hatch between the U.S. side and the Russian side during those time periods,” he explained. “It’s not a comfortable thing, but it is the best agreement between all the smart people on both sides, and it’s something that we as a crew live with.”

Table 1: Safety Measures Taken by the ISS Crew

Measure	Purpose
Sealing off the PrK module	To prevent further air loss
Closing hatches between segments	To maintain airtight compartments and ensure safety
Monitoring air pressure levels	To detect any significant changes in the station’s atmosphere
Performing regular inspections	To check for new cracks or signs of structural weakness

The Age Factor: ISS Wear and Tear

The ISS, launched in 1998, was not designed to last forever. With over 25 years of continuous operation, the station has inevitably experienced wear and tear. The air leak in the Zvezda module is just one of several maintenance challenges that have emerged over the years.

Both NASA and Roscosmos acknowledge that the station’s age is a contributing factor. However, while some issues can be repaired or reduced, others may require more drastic measures, such as replacing entire sections of the station or decommissioning certain modules.

Michael Barratt’s quote underscores the reality: “The station is not young. It’s been up there for quite a while. You expect some wear and tear, and we’re seeing that.”

Despite their differences, NASA and Roscosmos have agreed on one thing: the need for external expertise. The ISS Advisory Committee has recommended bringing in outside experts from academia and industry to assess the situation and offer potential solutions. This collaborative approach aims to bridge the gap between the two space agencies and ensure the safety of the ISS and its crew.

Bob Cabana stated, “This is an engineering problem, and good engineers should be able to reach a solution and agree on it.” The hope is that by combining the knowledge and experience of engineers from different fields, a consensus can be reached.

Table 2: Potential Factors Contributing to the Air Leak

Factor	Description
High cyclic fatigue	Repeated stress from micro-vibrations weakening the structure
Pressure fluctuations	Variations in pressure affecting the module’s integrity
Mechanical stress	Forces exerted on the module during docking and undocking
Material properties	The characteristics of the materials used in construction
Environmental exposure	Long-term effects of space radiation and temperature changes

The future of the ISS hangs in the balance as NASA and Roscosmos work to address the ongoing air leak and other structural challenges. While the station has provided invaluable scientific and technological advancements, its aging infrastructure poses a dilemma. How long can it continue to operate safely?

Both agencies have plans to eventually decommission the ISS, but until then, ongoing maintenance and repair efforts will be crucial. The collaboration between NASA and Roscosmos will remain a key factor in the station’s continued success.

Facts About the ISS

The ISS orbits the Earth at a speed of about 17,500 miles per hour.
It completes one orbit around the Earth approximately every 90 minutes.
The station has hosted astronauts from 19 different countries.
The solar panels on the ISS cover an area the size of a football field.
Astronauts on the ISS experience 16 sunrises and sunsets each day.

Reference

International Space Station Advisory Committee Meeting

#NASA, #Roscosmos, #InternationalSpaceStation, #SpaceExploration, #AirLeak, #ZvezdaModule, #SpaceSafety, #ISS, #Astronauts, #Engineering, #SpaceScience, #Collaboration, #StructuralIntegrity, #SpaceResearch, #AgingInfrastructure

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Space Exploration

China’s New Lunar Spacesuit: Ready for Moon Exploration

By Jonathan Bala October 9, 2024

China’s New Lunar Spacesuit: Ready for Moon Exploration

China’s new lunar spacesuit is a significant step forward in its goal of sending astronauts to the Moon by 2030. With a design inspired by traditional Chinese armor and modern technology, the suit provides essential features for safe and effective lunar exploration.

Summary

China’s Moon Mission: Aims for a Moon landing by 2030.
Spacesuit Design: Inspired by traditional Chinese armor with red stripes.
Functional Features: Includes a close and long-distance visor, chest control panel, and protective materials.
Performance Testing: Astronauts demonstrated suit mobility in various movements.
Historical Context: Previous suits aided in constructing the Tiangong Space Station.
Technological Advancements: Achievements from earlier suit designs paved the way for this new version.
Cultural Significance: Design elements reference Chinese mythology and space exploration history.
CMSA’s Role: The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) oversees the suit’s development.
Extravehicular Activities: Previous suits have supported 17 astronauts in space missions.
Public Engagement: Video demonstrations of the suit’s capabilities were shared publicly.
Future Exploration: The suit will be crucial for lunar missions and future space endeavors.
Health and Safety: The suit is designed to protect against the harsh lunar environment.
Pressure and Oxygen Management: It provides essential life support functions for astronauts.
International Significance: China’s advancements contribute to global space exploration efforts.
Environmental Protection: The materials used protect astronauts from harmful lunar radiation.
Public Excitement: The unveiling of the suit has generated interest in China’s space program.

Introduction

When we think about space exploration, the iconic image of astronauts in their puffy suits immediately comes to mind. These suits are not merely fashion statements; they are life-support systems designed to ensure an astronaut’s survival in the hostile environment of space. They protect against extreme temperatures, maintain pressure, and provide essential life-support functions.

As China prepares to send its astronauts back to the Moon by 2030, the introduction of their new lunar spacesuit marks a crucial moment in their space exploration endeavors.

China’s commitment to lunar exploration is laid out in its roadmap targeting a Moon landing by 2030. This mission represents a major milestone for the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), and the new lunar spacesuit is a critical component of this plan. The suit aims to provide the necessary protection and functionality to support astronauts on the lunar surface.

In recent years, interest in lunar exploration has surged globally. Countries like the United States, India, and Russia have also initiated plans for lunar missions. As a result, China aims not only to land on the Moon but also to contribute significantly to the ongoing conversation about humanity’s future in space.

China's New Lunar Spacesuit Ready for Moon Exploration — Astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti – Image : NASA

China’s new lunar spacesuit features a design that pays homage to Chinese cultural heritage. The suit includes red stripes on the arms and legs. The stripes on the arms represent the flying apsaras, celestial beings associated with Buddhism, while the stripes on the legs symbolize rocket flames during launch. This thoughtful incorporation of symbolism reflects China’s desire to merge modern technology with its rich cultural history.

Key Features of the Spacesuit

Close and Long-Distance Visor: The visor provides a clear view for astronauts, essential for both close-range tasks and distant observations.
Chest Control Panel: This panel allows astronauts to monitor vital suit functions and make necessary adjustments quickly.
Protective Materials: The suit is designed with materials that shield against the harsh lunar environment, including radiation and extreme temperatures.

Functional Performance Testing

Recently, astronauts Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping showcased the new suits at the third Spacesuit Technology Forum held in Chongqing, China. Videos released from the event demonstrated the astronauts performing various movements such as walking, bending, kneeling, and squatting, all of which were executed with ease. This testing is crucial as it ensures that the suits will function effectively in the reduced gravity and unfamiliar conditions of the Moon.

“The design and functionality of the spacesuit will play a critical role in the success of our lunar missions,” said Zhai Zhigang, who made history as the first Chinese astronaut to conduct a spacewalk.

The development of this new spacesuit has been in the works since 2020. Building upon the successes of the first and second generations of the Feitian spacesuits, which supported 17 astronauts in extravehicular activities (EVAs) at the Tiangong Space Station, the new lunar suit represents a significant leap in design and functionality.

Generations of Feitian Spacesuits	Key Achievements
First Generation	Initial testing and EVAs
Second Generation	Enhanced mobility and protection
New Lunar Spacesuit	Lightweight, compact, and reliable design

This advancement in suit technology not only demonstrates China’s commitment to improving its space exploration capabilities but also highlights the global trend of technological innovation in space travel.

Preparing for the Moon

As China gears up for its ambitious lunar mission, the new spacesuit is a critical part of ensuring astronauts are adequately protected and supported during their time on the Moon. The suit will need to withstand extreme conditions, including:

Temperature Fluctuations: The Moon’s surface can reach temperatures as low as -280 degrees Fahrenheit at night and soar to 260 degrees Fahrenheit during the day.
Radiation Exposure: Without the protective atmosphere of Earth, astronauts on the Moon are exposed to harmful cosmic radiation.
Vacuum Conditions: The suit must maintain internal pressure to keep astronauts safe from the vacuum of space.

Challenges of Lunar Exploration

Despite the excitement surrounding lunar exploration, challenges remain. The CMSA must ensure that the suits function effectively in the Moon’s unique environment. As seen in previous missions, spacesuits must not only protect but also allow astronauts to perform essential tasks, including scientific research and equipment repairs.

The success of lunar missions will depend on thorough testing and refinement of the spacesuits. This includes simulations and real-world trials to ensure that astronauts can navigate the lunar surface effectively.

With the launch of this new lunar spacesuit, China is marking the beginning of a new era in its space exploration efforts. The focus on lunar missions is part of a broader strategy to establish a permanent human presence in space.

In addition to lunar exploration, China is actively working on several ambitious space projects, including:

Mars Exploration: Continuing research and missions to gather data from Mars.
Space Station Development: Ongoing construction and operation of the Tiangong Space Station.
International Collaboration: Engaging in partnerships with other countries to enhance shared knowledge and resources in space.

China’s new lunar spacesuit represents a blend of cultural significance and technological innovation. With its advanced features, the suit is designed to protect astronauts as they embark on exciting missions to the Moon and beyond. As the CMSA prepares for its upcoming lunar landing, this spacesuit stands as a symbol of China’s determination to lead in global space exploration.

References

#ChinaSpace, #LunarExploration, #SpaceSuit, #CMSA, #Astronauts, #Feitian, #Tiangong, #MoonMission, #SpaceTechnology, #Aerospace, #STEM, #SpaceResearch, #FutureExploration, #CulturalHeritage, #Innovation, #InternationalCollaboration

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Space Exploration

NASA Explains Mysterious Noise in Boeing’s Starliner

By Jonathan Bala September 3, 2024

NASA Explains Mysterious Noise in Boeing’s Starliner

NASA has clarified that the mysterious noise heard from Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft was merely feedback from a speaker. The sound, which was described as a “pulsing noise,” has no impact on the spacecraft’s operations or the upcoming autonomous return flight. The Starliner is still expected to undock from the International Space Station (ISS) as planned, with its autonomous journey back to Earth set to begin soon.

Summary

NASA’s Statement: The noise was identified as speaker feedback and is considered common in space operations.
Sound Origin: The feedback resulted from an audio configuration issue between the ISS and the Starliner.
Impact: The noise has no technical impact on the crew, spacecraft, or station operations.
Timeline: The Starliner is scheduled to undock from the ISS on September 6, 2024, and land in New Mexico on September 7, 2024.
Crew Status: Astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore will remain on the ISS for several more months.
Previous Issues: The Starliner experienced helium leaks and thruster issues, causing a delay in its return.

Background of the Boeing Starliner

The Boeing Starliner is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, designed to transport astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft made its inaugural flight on June 5, 2024. However, the mission faced several challenges, including unexpected technical issues.

NASA’s Explanation

NASA released a statement clarifying the situation. According to NASA, the sound was caused by feedback from a speaker, which resulted from an audio configuration issue between the Starliner and the ISS. NASA emphasized that such feedback is common and poses no risk to the spacecraft or its operations.

“The feedback from the speaker was the result of an audio configuration between the space station and Starliner,” NASA said. “The pulsing sound has stopped and has no technical impact on the crew, Starliner, or station operations.”

The issue came to light when Mission Control at Johnson Space Center in Houston received a report from astronaut Barry “Butch” Wilmore. Wilmore reported hearing the strange noise and inquired about its origin.

Mission Control responded that they could listen to audio from inside the spacecraft and described the noise as similar to a “sonar ping.” The crew was advised to continue monitoring and report any further anomalies.

Despite the mysterious noise, the Starliner’s mission remains on track. The spacecraft is set to undock from the ISS on September 6, 2024. The autonomous flight back to Earth will proceed as planned, with landing scheduled for September 7, 2024, at White Sands Space Harbor in New Mexico.

Astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore, who are currently aboard the ISS, will remain there for an additional six months. They are scheduled to return to Earth in February 2025 aboard the SpaceX Dragon capsule.

The Starliner’s mission has not been without challenges. Shortly after its launch on June 5, 2024, the spacecraft experienced helium leaks and issues with its control thrusters. These problems necessitated an extended stay at the ISS while solutions were developed and tested.

Key Aspects of the Starliner Mission

To understand the context of the mysterious noise, it’s important to look at several key aspects of the Starliner mission.

Technical Specifications

Specification	Detail
Manufacturer	Boeing
Mission	Commercial Crew Program
Launch Date	June 5, 2024
Docking	International Space Station
Return Date	September 7, 2024
Landing Zone	White Sands Space Harbor, NM

Mission Timeline

Date	Event
June 5, 2024	Starliner Launch
June 6, 2024	Docking with ISS
July-August 2024	Technical issues addressed
September 6, 2024	Undocking from ISS
September 7, 2024	Landing in White Sands, NM

The Starliner program remains a key component of NASA’s strategy for crew transportation and space exploration. Despite the challenges faced, the successful resolution of technical issues and the planned return of the spacecraft are positive indicators for future missions.

Upcoming Missions

Crew Transportation: Continued development and testing of the Starliner will enhance its reliability for future crewed missions.
Partnerships: Collaborations with Boeing and other partners will ensure continued progress and innovation.

NASA and Boeing are committed to addressing any issues and implementing improvements based on lessons learned from each mission. This approach will enhance the safety and efficiency of future space missions.

References

#NASA, #Starliner, #SpaceMission, #Boeing, #InternationalSpaceStation, #SpaceX, #Astronauts, #SpaceExploration, #TechNews, #SpaceTravel, #MissionControl, #SpaceTech, #SpaceScience, #SpaceNews, #SpaceFlight

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Space Exploration

Strange Noises Reported by NASA Astronauts Aboard Faulty Starliner

By Jonathan Bala September 2, 2024

Strange Noises Reported by NASA Astronauts Aboard Faulty Starliner

Key Takeaway

NASA astronauts in the Starliner capsule heard strange sounds. The noises were similar to sonar, which is a technology that uses sound waves to detect objects underwater. This has caused worries about the spacecraft’s safety. The Starliner had problems in the past. Now, NASA’s Mission Control is looking into these sounds. They want to make sure the astronauts are safe and that future missions go well.

Summary

Strange Noises Detected: NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore reported hearing pulsing, sonar-like noises from the Starliner capsule as of August 1, 2024.
Recording Shared: The sound was captured and shared by meteorologist Rob Dale, and later reported by Ars Technica.
Mission Control Response: NASA’s Mission Control acknowledged the noise and assured an investigation into the issue.
Previous Starliner Issues: The Starliner capsule has faced numerous technical problems, including helium leaks and thruster failures.
Mission Extension: What was supposed to be a one-week mission has stretched into several months due to these complications.
Astronauts Stranded: Williams and Wilmore, originally scheduled to return to Earth, will now wait until 2025 to come back on a SpaceX capsule.
Unmanned Starliner Return: The Starliner is set to return to Earth unmanned in September 2024, landing in New Mexico.
Boeing’s Struggles: The Starliner program has been plagued by technical failures, casting doubt on its future viability.
NASA’s Decision: NASA decided it was too risky to bring the astronauts back on the Starliner, opting instead for a SpaceX return.
Astronaut Communication: Wilmore communicated with Mission Control about the strange noise, expressing concern just days before the Starliner’s scheduled undocking.
Starliner’s Future: The spacecraft’s future remains uncertain, with Boeing under pressure to resolve the ongoing technical issues.
Impact on Boeing: The repeated failures have been a significant embarrassment for Boeing, with internal dissatisfaction and external criticism growing.
NASA’s 2030 Deadline: The ISS is planned to be decommissioned by 2030, giving Boeing limited time to prove the Starliner’s reliability.
Boeing’s Financial Commitment: Boeing has already invested $1.6 billion into the Starliner, with questions about whether it will continue to do so.

Introduction

On August 1, 2024, a routine space mission suddenly took a troubling turn. NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore heard strange, sonar-like sounds. These noises came from the Starliner capsule. This issue has added to growing concerns about Boeing’s spacecraft. The Starliner has faced many technical problems since it was first developed.

The report of the strange noises came from veteran NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore, both of whom have extensive experience in space missions. The astronauts, currently residing on the International Space Station (ISS), encountered what they described as a “pulsing noise, almost like a sonar ping,” coming from the Starliner capsule.

The recording of the noise, first shared by Michigan-based meteorologist Rob Dale, was later reported by Ars Technica. In the recording, Wilmore can be heard holding his phone up to the speakers so that NASA’s Mission Control could hear the sound. The pulsing noise was clear, coming out in regular beats, and was subsequently acknowledged by Mission Control.

“Butch, that one came through,” Mission Control responded. “It was kind of like a pulsating noise, almost like a sonar ping.”

Despite the clear recording, the source of the noise remains a mystery. Wilmore attempted to play the sound again to allow the team to identify what might be causing it. “I’ll do it one more time and let you all scratch your heads and see if you can figure out what’s going on,” Wilmore said.

NASA’s Mission Control has taken the report seriously, assuring the astronauts that the recording would be thoroughly investigated. “Good recording, thanks, Butch,” they replied. “We will pass it onto the team and let you know what we find.”

At the time of writing, there has been no official statement from NASA regarding the source of the noise. However, the incident has raised questions about the Starliner’s overall reliability, especially given the spacecraft’s troubled history.

The Boeing Starliner has been a point of contention since its development began. Originally conceived as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, the Starliner was intended to provide a reliable and cost-effective means of transporting astronauts to and from the ISS. However, the project has been plagued by technical issues, delays, and budget overruns.

Table 1: Starliner Mission Timeline

Date	Event
2010	Boeing awarded contract to develop the Starliner
2019	Uncrewed test flight ends in failure
2021	Starliner’s first crewed flight delayed due to technical issues
2023	Successful launch, but with helium leaks and thruster failures
June 2024	Wilmore and Williams launch aboard Starliner
August 2024	Astronauts report strange sonar-like noises
September 2024	Unmanned Starliner return scheduled
February 2025	Wilmore and Williams expected to return via SpaceX capsule

One of the most significant challenges facing the Starliner has been its thruster system. During its first uncrewed test flight in 2019, the spacecraft encountered a software glitch that prevented it from reaching the ISS. Subsequent tests revealed issues with the thrusters, which were designed to help maneuver the spacecraft in space. In addition, the Starliner has suffered from helium leaks, further complicating its mission.

Strange Noises Reported by NASA Astronauts Aboard Faulty Starliner — Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams were inside the small passageway that connects two spacecraft. This passageway is between the forward port on the Harmony module, which is a part of the International Space Station (ISS), and Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft. The date was June 13, 2024. | NASA via AP

In June 2024, when Wilmore and Williams launched toward the ISS aboard the Starliner, the spacecraft was already under intense scrutiny. The mission, originally planned as a one-week stay, was extended due to ongoing technical problems. By the time the astronauts arrived at the ISS, the Starliner had experienced more helium leaks and five of its 28 thrusters had failed.

The technical issues plaguing the Starliner have had a direct impact on the mission of Wilmore and Williams. What was intended to be a brief stay on the ISS has now stretched into several months, with the astronauts unable to return to Earth aboard the Starliner. Instead, they will remain on the ISS until February 2025, when a SpaceX capsule is scheduled to bring them home.

The decision to extend the astronauts’ stay and opt for a SpaceX return was not made lightly. In a press conference on August 24, NASA officials announced that it would be too risky to bring the astronauts back on the faulty Starliner. This decision underscores the severity of the technical issues and the potential risks involved in attempting to return the astronauts to Earth aboard the Starliner.

The ongoing issues with the Starliner have been a significant embarrassment for Boeing, which has invested over $4 billion of taxpayer money into the project. The repeated failures have cast doubt on the viability of the Starliner program and have led to growing dissatisfaction within the company.

“We have had so many embarrassments lately, we’re under a microscope. This just made it, like, 100 times worse,” one Boeing employee anonymously told the New York Post. “We hate SpaceX,” he added. “We talk s*** about them all the time, and now they’re bailing us out.”

With the ISS set to be decommissioned by 2030, Boeing has a limited window of time to resolve the ongoing technical issues and prove the Starliner’s reliability. The spacecraft has already experienced significant delays, and the current situation only adds to the uncertainty surrounding its future.

Boeing has already sunk $1.6 billion into the Starliner’s development, and questions are being raised about whether the company will continue to invest in the project. The financial and reputational stakes are high, and the pressure is mounting on Boeing to deliver a reliable spacecraft.

Possible Explanations for the Strange Noises

While the source of the strange sonar-like noises remains unknown, there are several possible explanations that have been suggested by experts. One possibility is that the noise is related to the spacecraft’s thruster system, which has already been identified as a point of concern. Another possibility is that the noise is being caused by a malfunction in one of the spacecraft’s systems, such as its communication equipment or life support systems.

Some experts have also suggested that the noise could be related to the spacecraft’s interaction with the surrounding environment in space. The vacuum of space presents unique challenges for spacecraft, and it is possible that the noise is being generated by some kind of interaction between the Starliner and its environment.

The Role of SpaceX in NASA’s Future Plans

The decision to bring Wilmore and Williams back to Earth aboard a SpaceX capsule highlights the growing role that SpaceX is playing in NASA’s future plans. The company, founded by Elon Musk, has become a key partner for NASA, providing reliable transportation to and from the ISS.

SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft has already proven its reliability, with multiple successful missions under its belt. The company’s success stands in stark contrast to Boeing’s struggles, and it is clear that NASA is increasingly relying on SpaceX to fulfill its space exploration goals.

The next major milestone for the Starliner program will be the spacecraft’s return to Earth in September 2024. The capsule will return unmanned, landing in New Mexico. The return will be closely watched, as it will provide valuable data on the spacecraft’s performance and offer insights into the technical challenges that need to be addressed.

For Boeing, the return of the Starliner represents a critical opportunity to demonstrate the spacecraft’s capabilities and address the concerns that have been raised. The company will need to carefully analyze the data from the return and work to resolve the issues that have plagued the program.

Table 2: Comparison of Spacecraft Performance

Feature	Boeing Starliner	SpaceX Crew Dragon
Launch Year	2019 (Uncrewed Test)	2020 (Crewed Test)
Crew Capacity	Up to 7 astronauts	Up to 7 astronauts
ISS Docking	Autonomous docking, with issues	Autonomous docking, successful
Mission Success	Plagued by technical issues	Multiple successful missions
Thruster System	Frequent failures	Reliable, with redundancies
Safety Record	Concerns over technical reliability	Strong safety record
NASA Contract	$4.2 billion	$2.6 billion
Private Investment	$1.6 billion	Over $1 billion

#NASA, #Starliner, #Astronauts, #Boeing, #SpaceX, #ISS, #SpaceMission, #SonarNoise, #Spacecraft, #MissionControl, #SpaceExploration, #SpaceNews, #SpaceSafety, #Aerospace, #SpaceScience

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Space Exploration

NASA Drops 2 Astronauts from SpaceX Crew-9 for Boeing Starliner Mission

By Jonathan Bala August 31, 2024

NASA Drops 2 Astronauts from SpaceX Crew-9 for Boeing Starliner Mission

Key Takeaway

NASA has removed two astronauts from the SpaceX Crew-9 mission. The adjustment was made to accommodate two astronauts who need a new return plan from the ISS. SpaceX Crew-9 will now fly with only two astronauts: Nick Hague and Aleksandr Gorbunov. Boeing Starliner’s astronauts will not return to Earth using their spacecraft due to technical issues. The decision was influenced by concerns about Starliner’s propulsion system. The Crew-9 launch has been rescheduled to September 24, 2024.

Summary

NASA has dropped two astronauts from the SpaceX Crew-9 mission to make room for two astronauts originally slated to return on Boeing’s Starliner.
The Crew-9 mission will now include only two astronauts: NASA’s Nick Hague and Roscosmos’s Aleksandr Gorbunov.
Astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams were reassigned to the Crew-9 mission after concerns arose regarding the Boeing Starliner’s thruster performance.
NASA postponed the Crew-9 launch to September 24, 2024, to accommodate these changes.
Boeing’s Starliner faced propulsion issues that led NASA to deem it unsafe for astronaut return.
The Starliner will now return to Earth uncrewed on September 6, 2024.
Nick Hague, a U.S. Space Force commander, will be the first active Guardian to command a space mission.
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket is currently grounded following a separate incident, adding further uncertainty to the Crew-9 mission timeline.

Main Article

In a surprising yet prudent move, NASA has decided to remove two astronauts from its forthcoming SpaceX Crew-9 mission. This decision, made to accommodate two astronauts originally scheduled to return to Earth on Boeing’s Starliner, This shows how space missions can be very dynamic and sometimes unpredictable. The Crew-9 mission will now continue with only two astronauts. These astronauts are Nick Hague from NASA and Aleksandr Gorbunov from Roscosmos, which is the Russian space agency.

Boeing’s Starliner, which has been undergoing a historic first test mission with astronauts, encountered significant issues with its propulsion system and thrusters. These problems raised concerns about the spacecraft’s ability to safely return astronauts to Earth. After two months of rigorous tests and safety discussions, NASA concluded that the risk associated with the Starliner’s thrusters was too high to allow for a crewed return.

Instead, NASA decided to bring the Starliner back to Earth uncrewed, scheduled for September 6, 2024. This decision necessitated a reassignment of astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, who were to return on the Starliner. The safest and most logical solution was to include them in the Crew-9 mission, thus prompting the removal of two original Crew-9 astronauts, Zena Cardman and Stephanie Wilson.

With the changes, Crew-9 will now be a half-empty flight with only two crew members: Nick Hague and Aleksandr Gorbunov. Hague, who was originally the pilot of the mission, has been promoted to commander, while Gorbunov will remain as the mission specialist.

Nick Hague, a U.S. Space Force commander and former test pilot, has had an illustrious career in space exploration. He has already been to space twice as a NASA astronaut, although his first trip was cut short due to a rocket malfunction during a Soyuz launch in 2018. Despite this setback, Hague and his cosmonaut colleague Alexey Ovchinin safely returned to Earth, and both successfully completed a full ISS mission on their second attempt in 2019.

Aleksandr Gorbunov, on the other hand, will be making his first spaceflight on the Crew-9 mission. His seat is part of a NASA arrangement with Roscosmos, ensuring the continued presence of Russian astronauts on NASA missions, and vice versa. This collaboration is crucial for maintaining international relations and ensuring the success of joint space endeavors.

The decision to reassign astronauts has led to a delay in the Crew-9 launch, which is now scheduled for September 24, 2024. However, this date remains tentative due to complications arising from a separate incident involving SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket. The Falcon 9, which was set to launch the Crew Dragon spacecraft for the Crew-9 mission, is currently grounded following the loss of a different Falcon 9 variant during a Starlink satellite mission on August 28, 2024.

The incident has triggered an investigation by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), NASA, and SpaceX, adding another layer of uncertainty to the Crew-9 mission timeline. The outcome of this investigation will be critical in determining whether the new launch date can be met or if further delays are necessary.

The Boeing Starliner program has faced numerous challenges since its inception. Despite its initial promise as a competitor to SpaceX’s Crew Dragon, the Starliner has been plagued by technical issues and delays. The propulsion system problems encountered during this test mission are just the latest in a series of setbacks that have raised questions about the spacecraft’s reliability and safety.

However, it is important to recognize the significance of the Starliner program in the broader context of space exploration. Boeing’s efforts to develop a reliable and safe spacecraft for crewed missions are part of a larger push to expand humanity’s presence in space. The Starliner represents a critical component of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, which aims to reduce dependence on Russian spacecraft and provide the United States with its own means of sending astronauts to space.

Despite the challenges, NASA and Boeing remain committed to the success of the Starliner program. The upcoming uncrewed return of the Starliner will provide valuable data that will be used to address the propulsion issues and improve the spacecraft’s performance in future missions.

The collaboration between SpaceX and NASA has been a cornerstone of recent advancements in space exploration. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft has proven to be a reliable and safe vehicle for transporting astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The success of the Crew Dragon missions has allowed NASA to focus on other critical areas of space exploration, including the Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the Moon by the mid-2020s.

The recent challenges with Boeing’s Starliner and the Falcon 9 incident highlight the inherent risks and complexities of space exploration. However, they also underscore the resilience and adaptability of NASA and its commercial partners. The decision to reassign astronauts from the Starliner to the Crew Dragon is a testament to NASA’s commitment to astronaut safety and mission success.

Looking ahead, the partnership between NASA and SpaceX is expected to continue playing a pivotal role in advancing human space exploration. As NASA works to overcome the challenges with the Starliner and Falcon 9, the agency remains focused on its long-term goals, including the establishment of a sustainable human presence on the Moon and the eventual exploration of Mars.

The reassignment of astronauts and the delays in the Crew-9 mission are not unprecedented in the history of space exploration. Human spaceflight has always been fraught with risks, and NASA has a long history of making difficult decisions to ensure the safety of its astronauts.

One of the most notable examples of this was the Apollo 13 mission in 1970, where an oxygen tank explosion forced NASA to abort the mission and bring the crew home safely. The successful return of the Apollo 13 astronauts, despite the severe challenges, is a testament to NASA’s ability to manage risks and adapt to unforeseen circumstances.

Similarly, the tragic losses of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003 led to significant changes in NASA’s approach to human spaceflight. These disasters prompted a thorough re-evaluation of safety protocols and the development of new technologies to minimize the risks associated with space travel.

In the context of the Crew-9 mission and the Boeing Starliner challenges, NASA’s decision to prioritize astronaut safety reflects the lessons learned from these past experiences. The agency’s cautious approach is a reminder that, despite the advances in technology, space exploration remains an inherently dangerous endeavor.

Conclusion

The decision by NASA to drop two astronauts from the SpaceX Crew-9 mission in favor of accommodating those from Boeing’s troubled Starliner mission reflects the challenges and risks of human spaceflight. As the space agency navigates these difficulties, it remains committed to ensuring the safety of its astronauts and advancing its long-term goals in space exploration. The ongoing collaboration between NASA, SpaceX, Boeing, and international partners will be crucial in overcoming these challenges and pushing the boundaries of what is possible in space.

#NASA, #SpaceX, #Boeing, #Crew9, #Starliner, #Astronauts, #SpaceExploration, #HumanSpaceflight, #InternationalSpaceStation, #SpaceNews

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NASA Plans February Return for Starliner Astronauts on Different Craft

By Jonathan Bala August 24, 2024

NASA Plans February Return for Starliner Astronauts on Different Craft

Summary

NASA announces that astronauts Barry “Butch” Wilmore and Sunita “Suni” Williams will return to Earth in February 2025 aboard SpaceX’s Crew Dragon 9, instead of the Boeing Starliner.
The Boeing Starliner will return uncrewed due to safety concerns, especially with the vehicle’s thrusters.
The return of the astronauts has been delayed multiple times, and they are currently assisting with science experiments and maintenance on the International Space Station (ISS).
NASA is considering modifications to the SpaceX Crew Dragon 9 mission to accommodate the astronauts, with additional spacesuits being carried to the ISS.
The Starliner spacecraft requires updates and additional training for autonomous undocking from the ISS.

NASA Plans February Return for Starliner Astronauts on Different Craft

The two astronauts who embarked on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard Boeing’s Starliner will not be returning on the same spacecraft. NASA has announced that astronauts Barry “Butch” Wilmore and Sunita “Suni” Williams will return to Earth in February 2025 on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon 9. The Boeing Starliner, meanwhile, will return to Earth uncrewed, marking a significant shift in NASA’s plans due to ongoing safety concerns.

The mission began on June 5, 2024, when Wilmore and Williams launched aboard the Boeing Starliner. This mission was meant to be the first crewed test flight of Starliner under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. Initially, the plan was for the astronauts to stay on the ISS for about a week and return by June 14, 2024. However, this timeline has been repeatedly extended due to various issues encountered by the Starliner spacecraft.

“Safety is our top priority, and the decision to bring Butch and Suni home on a different spacecraft underscores our commitment to that,” said Bill Nelson, NASA Administrator, during a recent news conference. The unexpected need to extend the astronauts’ stay on the ISS has had far-reaching implications, including additional strain on the resources aboard the station.

Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft has faced a series of challenges both before and after its launch. The mission was originally scheduled for May 6, 2024, but was delayed due to a problem with an oxygen valve on a rocket from United Launch Alliance (ULA), the company responsible for launching the spacecraft into orbit. A new launch date of May 25, 2024 was set, only to be postponed again due to a small helium leak discovered in the service module.

Once in orbit, further problems emerged. The Starliner’s thrusters showed signs of malfunction, raising concerns about the spacecraft’s ability to safely return to Earth with the astronauts onboard. Despite the initial plan to address these issues while docked at the ISS, NASA has determined that the risks are too high for a crewed return.

Steve Stich, Program Manager for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, highlighted the concern by stating, “There was too much risk for the crew. Our primary focus is on ensuring the safety of our astronauts.” The decision was made to bring the astronauts home aboard a different spacecraft, specifically SpaceX’s Crew Dragon 9.

Modifications to the Crew Dragon 9 Mission

NASA has been exploring various options to ensure the safe return of Wilmore and Williams. One such plan involves modifying the upcoming SpaceX Crew Dragon 9 mission. Originally scheduled to launch to the ISS in September 2024 with four astronauts, NASA is considering sending the spacecraft with only two crew members to make space for additional supplies, including extra spacesuits for Wilmore and Williams.

If this plan is approved, Wilmore and Williams would remain on the ISS until February 2025, when they would finally return to Earth aboard the Crew Dragon 9. Stich emphasized that this plan is still under review, and no final decision has been made. The modifications would involve updating the Starliner software and additional training for the Boeing flight control team to ensure a safe uncrewed return of the spacecraft.

The Boeing Starliner is part of NASA’s larger Commercial Crew Program, which aims to develop reliable and cost-effective crew transportation to the ISS. The program has seen significant progress with SpaceX’s Crew Dragon, which has successfully completed multiple missions to and from the ISS. However, Boeing’s Starliner has been plagued by delays and technical issues.

The issues with the Starliner spacecraft have raised concerns about Boeing’s ability to meet NASA’s stringent safety standards. A spokesperson for Boeing reiterated the company’s commitment to safety, stating, “Boeing continues to focus, first and foremost, on the safety of the crew and spacecraft. We are executing the mission as determined by NASA, and we are preparing the spacecraft for a safe and successful uncrewed return.”

While Wilmore and Williams were initially scheduled for a short stay on the ISS, their mission has now extended into a much longer period. During this time, they have integrated with the Expedition 71 crew, assisting with a range of research activities and maintenance tasks. NASA officials have indicated that the extended stay has put additional strain on the ISS’s resources, as the astronauts have been using supplies originally allocated for the station’s permanent crew.

Despite the challenges, Wilmore and Williams have continued to contribute to the mission. “We are doing everything we can to support the science experiments and the maintenance of the ISS,” said Williams in a recent interview from space. The astronauts have also participated in a series of spacewalks, further showcasing their adaptability and resilience in the face of an extended mission.

Table 1: Key Dates in the Starliner Mission

Date	Event
June 5, 2024	Starliner launches with Wilmore and Williams aboard
June 14, 2024	Original return date (postponed)
September 2024	Potential launch of SpaceX Crew Dragon 9
February 2025	Scheduled return of astronauts on Crew Dragon 9

Table 2: Issues Encountered with Starliner

Issue	Description
Oxygen Valve Problem	Initial delay caused by valve issue on ULA rocket
Helium Leak	Discovered before May 25, 2024 launch
Thruster Malfunction	Concerns about safe re-entry with crew onboard

Conclusion

NASA’s decision to return astronauts Wilmore and Williams on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon 9 instead of the Boeing Starliner underscores the agency’s commitment to safety. Despite the challenges faced during the mission, the astronauts have continued to make valuable contributions to the ISS, demonstrating the importance of adaptability in space exploration.

The Boeing Starliner’s uncrewed return will provide an opportunity for the company to address the technical issues and make necessary improvements. As the Commercial Crew Program moves forward, the lessons learned from this mission will undoubtedly play a critical role in shaping the future of human spaceflight.

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Boeing Starliner Astronauts Face Potential Space Delay Until 2025

By Jonathan Bala August 9, 2024

Boeing Starliner Astronauts Face Potential Space Delay Until 2025

Two NASA astronauts on board Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft may be forced to stay in space until 2025 due to propulsion system issues with the spacecraft.

Summary

Two NASA astronauts, Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams, are currently on the International Space Station (ISS) after their Boeing Starliner spacecraft experienced propulsion system malfunctions.
The malfunctions included stalled thrusters, helium leaks, and a faulty propellant valve.
Due to the problems, NASA is considering using SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule to bring the astronauts home in February 2025.
This would require delaying SpaceX’s Crew-9 mission which was originally planned for August 2024.
Boeing is still investigating the cause of the Starliner thruster issues.

Boeing Starliner: Stuck in Space Until 2025?

In June 2024, two NASA astronauts, Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams, embarked on what was supposed to be a routine eight-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard Boeing’s Starliner capsule. However, their journey has taken an unexpected turn. Due to critical technical issues with the Starliner, including malfunctioning thrusters and helium leaks, their return to Earth has been significantly delayed.

Technical Challenges with the Starliner

The current predicament with the Starliner stems from a series of technical problems encountered shortly after launch. These problems include:

Malfunctioning Thrusters: Five of the Starliner’s maneuvering thrusters broke. This made it hard for the spacecraft to move and steer properly.
Helium Leaks: Engineers also detected leaks in the spacecraft’s helium valves, which are critical for proper thruster function.

These issues have rendered the Starliner unfit for a safe return journey to Earth at present. Consequently, NASA is exploring alternative options to bring the astronauts home safely.

A Potential Delay Until 2025?

While NASA works to resolve the technical issues with the Starliner, a potential solution involves utilizing SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule for a return trip. However, this option wouldn’t be feasible until February 2025, meaning the astronauts could face an extended stay on the ISS.

This extended stay presents logistical challenges, as the ISS is designed to support a specific number of crew members. A longer stay for Wilmore and Williams would necessitate careful planning to ensure adequate supplies and provisions are available throughout their extended stay.

The Impact on Commercial Spaceflight

The problems with the Boeing Starliner are a big setback for commercial spaceflight. This incident shows how crucial it is to have thorough testing and safety rules when developing spacecraft.

The space industry is always changing. Private companies are now more involved in space exploration. The Starliner incident shows how important safety is. Space agencies and private companies must stay committed to safety. They need to work together as they explore new possibilities in human spaceflight.

The situation with the Starliner is complicated. However, it offers many valuable learning opportunities. They need to investigate thoroughly. This means they must look closely at every detail. Their goal is to find the main causes of these technical problems. This is essential to keep future astronauts safe. It will also help ensure the success of future commercial space missions.

#NASASpace, #SpaceX, #BoeingStarliner, #CommercialSpaceflight, #SpaceExploration, #Astronauts, #ISS, #SpaceTrave

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NASA Mission at Risk: Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore Must Return in 14 Days

By Jonathan Bala August 5, 2024

NASA Mission at Risk: Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore Must Return in 14 Days

The potential overcrowding at the International Space Station (ISS) due to NASA’s Crew-9 mission scheduled for August 18 poses a challenge. Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore, currently stranded on the ISS, must return to Earth to make room for the new crew. Resolving the technical issues with the Boeing Starliner spacecraft is crucial to avoid delaying or canceling the upcoming mission.

Summary

NASA faces potential overcrowding at the ISS with the upcoming Crew-9 mission.
Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore are stranded due to technical issues with the Starliner spacecraft.
NASA plans to prioritize the return of Williams and Wilmore to free up docking ports.
The ISS is designed to house 3-6 astronauts, and additional crew could cause congestion.
NASA officials view the increased traffic as a positive sign of progress.
Technical fixes for the Starliner spacecraft are in progress, with no set return date yet.
Backup options are under review to ensure the safe return of the stranded astronauts.

Main Article

NASA’s International Space Station (ISS) is on the brink of congestion as the space agency prepares for its upcoming Crew-9 mission scheduled for August 18. The mission, set to launch from Earth with four astronauts aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon, faces a potential delay due to the extended stay of astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry “Butch” Wilmore on the ISS. The duo has been stranded since June 6 due to technical issues with their Boeing Starliner spacecraft, which is currently docked at the ISS.

The situation at the ISS has led to concerns about overcrowding, as the station is designed to accommodate only three to six astronauts at a time. The addition of the Crew-9 mission would push the number of occupants beyond this limit, causing potential logistical challenges and safety concerns.

Technical Issues with the Starliner

The Boeing Starliner spacecraft, which was meant to bring Williams and Wilmore back to Earth, has encountered propulsion system problems. The spacecraft’s return has become a priority to free up one of the two docking ports at the ISS.

The Crew-9 Mission

The Crew-9 mission, part of NASA’s collaboration with SpaceX, is crucial for the rotational shift of astronauts aboard the ISS. Scheduled to launch on August 18, the mission includes a six-month stay for its four astronauts, further emphasizing the need to resolve the Starliner issue promptly.

Potential Solutions and Contingency Plans

NASA and Boeing are working diligently to resolve the technical issues with the Starliner. Mark Nappi, who leads the Starliner efforts at Boeing, expressed hope that the technical fixes would be completed soon. The delay has prompted discussions about potential solutions to manage the increased traffic at the ISS.

Impact on the ISS Operations

The potential overcrowding at the ISS could impact daily operations, including scientific experiments, maintenance, and crew activities. The station’s infrastructure is designed to support a specific number of occupants, and exceeding this limit could strain resources.

Conclusion

NASA’s Crew-9 mission and the extended stay of astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore on the International Space Station (ISS) highlight how active space exploration is. The ISS sometimes gets crowded. This needs careful planning and quick solutions to technical problems. NASA and the company Boeing are working to bring the Starliner spacecraft back to Earth safely. Their main goal is to make sure all space missions are safe and successful.

Tables

Mission	Launch Date	Astronauts	Duration	Current Status
Starliner	June 6, 2024	Sunita Williams, Barry Wilmore, The CFT mission, which launched on June 5, 2024, was originally expected to last about 10 days. However, the mission was extended beyond 10 days and then again beyond 45 days due to better than expected battery performance. As of August 4, 2024, the mission had lasted 59 days and was still ongoing		Stranded at ISS
Crew-9	August 18, 2024	Zena Cardman; Nick Hague; Stephanie Wilson; Aleksandr Gorbunov	6 months	Scheduled for launch

Potential Solutions	Description
Delaying the Crew-9 mission	Postponing the launch to avoid overcrowding at the ISS
Resolving the Starliner issues	Fixing the technical problems to bring Williams and Wilmore back to Earth
Increasing ISS capacity	Enhancing the station’s infrastructure to support more astronauts
Rotating astronauts more frequently	Shortening mission durations to manage crew numbers

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Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

Technical Issues: Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft faced helium leaks and failing thrusters during its mission.
Testing and Evaluation: NASA and Boeing have conducted extensive testing to address the issues, but concerns remain.
Potential Alternatives: NASA is considering using SpaceX’s Crew Dragon to bring the astronauts back safely.
Decision Pending: NASA has not yet made a final decision on whether to use Starliner or Crew Dragon for the return mission.

Summary

Starliner Mission Overview: Launched eight weeks ago on an Atlas V rocket.
Crew Members: Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams.
Initial Problems: Helium leaks and failing thrusters.
Testing: Ground tests at White Sands and thruster tests in orbit.
Options: NASA evaluating all options, including Crew Dragon.
Delay in Decision: Flight Readiness Review meeting canceled.
SpaceX’s Role: SpaceX studying emergency response and potential crew return scenarios.
Safety Concerns: Discussions about the safety of using Starliner versus Crew Dragon.
Potential Impact: Decision may affect the future of the Starliner program.
NASA’s Challenge: Balancing risk and reward in the final decision.

NASA Explores Solutions to Return Boeing Starliner Crew Safely

Eight weeks after the Starliner spacecraft launched, NASA is still looking for possible answers to its technical issues—including the possibility of SpaceX lending a hand.

It has now been eight weeks since Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft launched into orbit on an Atlas V rocket, bound for the International Space Station. At the time, NASA officials said the two crew members, Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, could return to Earth as soon as June 14, just eight days later.

Yes, there had been some problems on Starliner’s ride to the space station that involved helium leaks and failing thrusters. But officials said they were relatively minor and sought to downplay them. “Those are pretty small, really, issues to deal with,” Mark Nappi, vice president and manager of Boeing’s Commercial Crew Program, said during a post-docking news conference. “We’ll figure them out for the next mission. I don’t see these as significant at all.”

But days turned to weeks, and weeks turned to months as NASA and Boeing continued to study the two technical problems. Of these issues, the more pressing concern was the failure of multiple reaction control system thrusters that are essential to steering Starliner during its departure from the space station and setting up a critical engine burn to enter Earth’s atmosphere.

In the last few weeks, ground teams from NASA and Boeing completed testing of a thruster on a test stand at White Sands, New Mexico. Then, last weekend, Boeing and NASA fired the spacecraft’s thrusters in orbit to check their performance while docked at the space station. NASA has said preliminary results from these tests were helpful.

Dragon Becomes a Real Option

One week ago, the last time NASA officials spoke to the media, the agency’s program manager for commercial crew, Steve Stich, would not be drawn into discussing what would happen should NASA conclude that Starliner’s thrusters were not reliable enough for the return journey to Earth.

“Our prime option is to complete the mission,” Stich said one week ago. “There are a lot of good reasons to complete this mission and bring Butch and Suni home on Starliner. Starliner was designed, as a spacecraft, to have the crew in the cockpit.”

For a long time, it seemed almost certain that the astronauts would return to Earth inside Starliner.

However, there has been a lot of recent activity at NASA, Boeing, and SpaceX that suggests that Wilmore and Williams could come home aboard a Crew Dragon spacecraft rather than Starliner. Due to the critical importance of this mission, Ars is sharing what we know as of Thursday afternoon.

One informed source said it was greater than a 50-50 chance that the crew would come back on Dragon. Another source said it was significantly more likely than not they would. To be clear, NASA has not made a final decision. This probably will not happen until at least next week. It is likely that Jim Free, NASA’s associate administrator, will make the call.

Asked if it was now more likely than not that Starliner’s crew would return on Dragon, NASA spokesperson Josh Finch told Ars on Thursday evening,

“NASA is evaluating all options for the return of agency astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams from the International Space Station as safely as possible. No decisions have been made, and the agency will continue to provide updates on its planning.”

What follows are some data points that Ars can confidently report based on multiple sources:

NASA keeps delaying a decision: A Flight Readiness Review meeting had been scheduled for today, August 1, several days in advance. However, it was canceled. Instead, NASA put out a vague blog update on Thursday stating, “Following the completion of Starliner’s return planning, which is expected to continue into next week, more information will be shared about the agency’s return readiness review preparations and subsequent media briefing.” So maybe the meeting will take place next week.
NASA issued a $266,678 task award to SpaceX on July 14 for a “special study for emergency response.” NASA said this study was not directly related to Starliner’s problems, but two sources told Ars it really was. Although the study entailed work on flying more than four crew members home on Crew Dragon—a scenario related to Frank Rubio and the Soyuz MS-22 leaks—it also allowed SpaceX to study flying Dragon home with six passengers, a regular crew complement in addition to Wilmore and Williams.
SpaceX has been actively working on a scenario in which two or four astronauts launch on board Crew 9: (A normal crew is four) This mission has a nominal launch date of August 18, but it could well be delayed. SpaceX has already identified flight suits that would fit Wilmore and Williams, allowing them to fly home on the Crew-8 spacecraft (presently docked to the space station) or the Crew-9 vehicle. It is unclear how crews would be assigned to the two Dragon return flights. It is possible, if four astronauts launch on Crew 9, that five people could fly home on each of the two Dragons.
Two sources told Ars that in meetings this week at NASA field centers, there have been vigorous discussions about whether or not to fly crew home on Starliner: Multiple groups remain “no” on Starliner as of Wednesday. It is unclear how this will be resolved. Some engineers believe that if there are questions about Starliner, then NASA should opt for the safe course—flying on Crew Dragon, which has safely launched 13 times and landed 12 times.

Making Difficult Calls

NASA officials face a difficult decision. Because there is still at least a small risk to flying Starliner in its present condition, the space agency and Boeing have tested the thrusters as thoroughly as possible while the spacecraft is docked to the space station. This testing was intended to “buy down” these risks. But while the data is good, it has not addressed all of NASA’s concerns.

So what will the space agency do? Starliner probably could make it back to Earth safely. But there appears to be some reasonable doubt that Starliner will come back safely. If NASA defers to its fallback plan, flying on Dragon, it may spell the end of the Starliner program. During the development and testing of Starliner, the company has already lost $1.6 billion. Reflying a crew test flight mission, which likely would be necessary should Starliner return autonomously, would cost much more. Boeing might opt to cancel Starliner and leave NASA with just a single provider of crew transportation. That would be painful for both NASA and Boeing.

But the alternative—Starliner not coming home safely with the crew inside—is far, far worse. This is the risk-reward decision that Free, Stich, and other NASA officials ultimately must balance in the coming days.

Table 1: Key Events in Starliner’s Mission

Date	Event	Description
Launch	Eight weeks ago	Starliner launched on an Atlas V rocket.
Initial Issues	Shortly after launch	Helium leaks and failing thrusters detected.
Testing	Last few weeks	Ground and in-orbit thruster tests conducted by NASA and Boeing.
Task Award	July 14	NASA issued a task award to SpaceX for emergency response study.
Flight Review	Scheduled for August 1	Flight Readiness Review meeting scheduled and later canceled.

Table 2: Potential Scenarios for Crew Return

Scenario	Description	Likelihood (As of Now)
Return on Starliner	Crew returns on the original Starliner spacecraft.	Less than 50%
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-8)	Crew returns on the Crew-8 spacecraft currently docked at the space station.	Significant possibility
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-9)	Crew returns on the Crew-9 spacecraft scheduled for launch on August 18.	Possible, if launch occurs
Mixed Crew Dragon Scenario	A combination where some crew return on Crew-8 and others on Crew-9.	Under consideration

Conclusion

NASA faces a challenging decision in determining the safest way to return the Starliner crew. With ongoing concerns about Starliner’s thrusters, the reliable alternative of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon is being seriously considered. The ultimate choice will have significant implications for both NASA and Boeing, balancing safety, risk, and the future of the Starliner program.

Sources:

yes-nasa-really-could-bring-starliners-astronauts-back-on-crew-dragon/

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NASA Countdown Begins: Most Powerful Human Spaceflight Ever

By Jonathan Bala August 1, 2024

NASA Countdown Begins: Most Powerful Human Spaceflight Ever

NASA is gearing up for the most powerful human spaceflight ever with the Artemis II mission, utilizing the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. This mission marks a significant milestone in space exploration, setting the stage for future lunar missions and ultimately, Mars exploration.

Summary

The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket is being prepared for the Artemis II mission, scheduled for no earlier than September 2025.
The SLS rocket’s core stage, equipped with four RS-25 engines, was moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on July 24.
The RS-25 engines, converted from the Space Shuttle Program, include engines with previous spaceflight experience.
The SLS rocket, with its core stage and solid rocket boosters, provides 8.8 million pounds of thrust at liftoff.
NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, along with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, will fly in the Orion capsule for a 10-day mission around the moon.
Artemis II aims to validate the life-support systems of the Orion capsule in preparation for Artemis III, which plans to return humans to the lunar surface in 2026.
The mission will mark significant milestones: Glover as the first Black man, Koch as the first woman, and Hansen as the first Canadian to travel beyond low-Earth orbit.
Delays in the Artemis program are primarily due to issues with the Orion capsule’s heat shield and other technical challenges.
The Artemis program is a major part of NASA’s budget, with the Artemis III mission projected to cost $93 billion since 2012.
Future SLS launches face cost challenges, but competition from SpaceX and Blue Origin may offer more affordable options.
NASA aims to land humans on Mars by 2040 as part of the long-term Artemis program goals.

NASA Countdown Begins Most Powerful Human Spaceflight Ever — An illustration of a nice deep space planet background

Main Article

The launch clock isn’t set yet, but the hardware is lined up for what would become the most powerful rocket to ever send humans into space during a moonbound trip the likes of which has not happened in more than 50 years. The biggest piece of the Space Launch System rocket, the 212-foot-long core stage, crept its way into the massive Vehicle Assembly Building on July 24, where work will begin to prepare it for the Artemis II launch set for no earlier than September 2025.

“The clock’s already started,” said John Honeycutt, NASA SLS program manager. “We’ve got a great deal of work to do to get the rocket ready to go fly.”

The core stage sports four RS-25 engines converted by Melbourne-based L3Harris’ Aerojet Rocketdyne from the retired stock of the Space Shuttle Program. Two of the engines have previously flown on a combined 20 shuttle missions, while the other pair are making their debuts. Engine 2047 flew on STS-135, the final launch of the program on Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2011.

Also no stranger to KSC are the casings from the two solid rocket boosters fabricated by Northrop Grumman. They had previously supported space shuttle missions but were regularly fished out of the ocean for refurbishment. Those two boosters sit broken down into five segments each just north of the VAB at the Rotation, Processing, and Surge Facility.

Combined, the core stage and the boosters provide 8.8 million pounds of thrust on liftoff. Their next launch will make the SLS the most powerful rocket to ever send humans into space. NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen will ride in the Lockheed Martin-built Orion capsule for what’s planned to be a 10-day trip around the moon.

Doug Hurley, a former NASA astronaut and now an executive with Northrop Grumman who flew on both shuttle missions and the first human spaceflight of SpaceX Crew Dragon, has tried to give the astronauts an idea of what their ride might be like.

“The ride on the booster for 126 seconds, I just said it’s gonna be the most incredible ride of your life. Because really, the acceleration is eye-watering,” Hurley said.

The shuttle rides used boosters made up of four segments versus the five that are stacked for SLS, and with Orion on top of the core stage, it will be more like the Apollo astronauts’ rides on the Saturn V rocket.

“Being on the top of the stack and feeling the steering … can’t wait to hear the story,” he said.

Their goal is to ensure the Orion capsule’s life-support systems work, setting up the Artemis III mission no earlier than September 2026. That mission aims to return humans, including the first woman, to the lunar surface for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.

The Artemis II quartet, though, will still travel more than 230,000 miles from Earth, and while not landing on the moon, flying beyond low-Earth orbit is a feat that also has not been accomplished by humans since the final Apollo flight. Glover will become the first Black man to make the trip, Koch the first woman, and Hansen the first Canadian. All 24 of the astronauts who made the trip during nine Apollo missions to the moon between 1968 and 1972 were white American men. Six of those missions sent 12 of those men to the lunar surface.

Delays and Uncertainty

The 2025 launch date for Artemis’ first human spaceflight is nearly a year behind the schedule laid out after the successful launch of Artemis I in November 2022. A roughly two-year gap between the uncrewed debut and the first crewed mission was thought to be enough time to pore over the Artemis I data and work through any issues. But a series of major bumps in the road became evident and one of them has yet to have a final solution revealed by NASA.

That’s the fact that the protective coating on Orion’s heat shield lost a lot more material, some in fist-sized chunks, than what was expected. The ultimate solution for the Orion capsule will be the major domino holding up the process of stacking the SLS to get ready for launch. Managers won’t begin putting it together vertically until they know there will be a spacecraft coming to top it off, but even though this is the second time around, NASA managers expect to face some hurdles.

“There’s always something that happens, you know, something spills on something, some test didn’t work as planned,” said Chris Cianciola, the SLS deputy program manager. “So you triage it all the way. You don’t want to wait ’til you get out to the launch pad to find out you got a problem.”

For now, a completed Orion capsule is expected to be delivered to the VAB by Oct. 31. If NASA signals no delay, then the first placement of the solid rocket boosters in the VAB could begin in September. NASA has built in a one-year lifespan limiter for the solid rocket boosters, a clock that starts ticking the moment the second segment is placed atop the first. That’s expected to happen in the late fall, which would keep Artemis II on its launch target timeline.

Another limiting factor in stacking is getting back to the VAB the mobile launcher on which SLS and Orion will sit. Currently parked at KSC’s Launch Pad 39-B, it has had to go through a series of repairs after the Artemis I launch tore parts of it to shreds.

“These are the largest solid rocket motors on the planet, and when that vehicle lifts off from the mobile launcher, that plume has to go someplace,” said Shawn Quinn, program manager for Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) based at KSC. “As the vehicle gets higher up, that plume spreads out, and it’s a very, very strong force. … Forget about the heat for a moment, but if the person was standing there, they’d be blown out to kingdom come.”

EGS crews also have had to install emergency exit apparatus such as the zipline cages and crew access arm changes so the humans on board can have a chance to survive if something goes wrong on the pad. Quinn said that work is “nearly done” and the mobile launcher should be back at the VAB in time for stacking.

Cost and Criticism

The Artemis program now controls the majority of NASA’s annual budget this year, surpassing the overall science mission budget for the first time as the agency’s top-funded segment. The enacted fiscal 2024 budget comes out to more than $7.6 billion of NASA’s overall $24.875 billion budget. Because the Artemis program involves so many commercial partners, it has a lot of support across Congress, which ultimately approves the budget. So while the science budget request was cut by more than $500 million from the Biden administration request this fiscal year, the Artemis campaign programs were nearly fully funded.

NASA’s Office of the Inspector General has continued to audit the growing costs of the Artemis program, with a 2023 report stating that the Artemis III missions will cost the country $93 billion since its inception in 2012. That’s billions more than envisioned with delays and cost increases plaguing the leadup to Artemis I. The SLS rocket represents 26% of that cost to the tune of $23.8 billion, with a giant chunk spent on the first and second launch hardware.

The audit forecasts future SLS launches to cost more than $2.5 billion each, although NASA has laid out a plan to reduce those costs by half, something the OIG deemed “highly unrealistic” and a threat to its deep-space exploration plans. The audit, though, notes that while SLS is the only viable option now for NASA, competition from SpaceX Starship and Blue Origin’s New Glenn rockets may help level the playing field for NASA’s plans.

“Although the SLS is the only launch vehicle capable of transporting both crew and cargo to the moon in a single mission, its high cost threatens the affordability and sustainability of NASA’s Artemis missions,” the audit stated. “The Agency has taken steps to lower production costs by requiring future SLS rockets to be produced with new, non-refurbished RS-25 engines and solid rocket booster segments. NASA also seeks to reduce per-mission costs to $1.5 billion or less, a goal we find highly unrealistic based on current costs.”

In its response, NASA said it would be up to private companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin to take up the challenge to provide the vehicles for the next missions to deep space with a target of 2040 for humans to land on Mars. Even for now, a version of Starship is slated to provide the human lunar lander for the Artemis III mission.

But for now, the focus is on getting SLS ready for humans to make the trip around the moon and back. Honeycutt said that while there were still a lot of milestones to hit before launch, he expects to be able to meet them.

“We got to stay focused,” he said. “We don’t have the budget to start over. We got to press forward with what we got and make it work.”

Tables

Table 1: Artemis II Mission Details

Aspect	Description
Launch Date	No earlier than September 2025
Duration	10 days
Astronauts	Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, Jeremy Hansen
Distance	More than 230,000 miles from Earth
Objective	Validate Orion’s life-support systems
Next Mission	Artemis III (Return humans to the lunar surface)

Table 2: Space Launch System (SLS) Rocket Specifications

Component	Specification
Core Stage	212 feet long, 4 RS-25 engines
Solid Rocket Boosters	5 segments each, refurbished from Shuttle Program
Thrust	8.8 million pounds at liftoff
Payload Capacity	95 metric tons to low Earth orbit
Cost Per Launch	Over $2.5 billion

Conclusion

The countdown to NASA’s most powerful human spaceflight ever is well underway. With the Artemis II mission, the Space Launch System rocket is set to achieve a historic milestone in space exploration. As NASA prepares to send astronauts around the moon, the success of this mission will pave the way for future lunar landings and the eventual goal of human exploration on Mars. Despite the challenges and costs, the Artemis program represents a bold step forward in humanity’s quest to explore the cosmos.

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#NASA, #SpaceLaunchSystem, #ArtemisII, #SpaceExploration, #MoonMission, #HumanSpaceflight, #OrionCapsule, #Astronauts, #SpaceProgram, #FutureMissions

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