Jonathan Bala - ALLTHINGSGEO

The World’s Highest Observatory Goes Online

By Jonathan Bala May 3, 2024

The World’s Highest Observatory Goes Online

Key Takeaway

The University of Tokyo has opened a new observatory called the Tokyo Atacama Observatory (TAO), which is the highest observatory in the world at an altitude of 5,640 meters (3.5 miles) above sea level, situated on Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert in Chile.

Summary

The Tokyo Atacama Observatory (TAO) is a new observatory opened by the University of Tokyo, located at an altitude of 5,640 meters (3.5 miles) above sea level on Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert in Chile, making it the highest observatory in the world.
TAO’s high altitude and arid environment allow it to be the only ground-based telescope capable of clearly viewing mid-infrared wavelengths, which are useful for studying planet-forming regions, evolving galaxies, and the earliest epochs of cosmic history.
The observatory will be operated remotely as much as possible due to the challenging conditions at such a high altitude.
TAO’s key instruments include the Simultaneous-color Wide-field Infrared Multi-object Spectrograph (SWIMS) and the Mid-Infrared Multi-field Imager for gaZing at the UnKnown Universe (MIMIZUKU).
SWIMS can observe a large area of the sky and simultaneously observe two wavelengths of light, providing insights into the formation of galaxies and the evolution of supermassive black holes at their centers.
MIMIZUKU will peer into dustier regions of the Universe, allowing astronomers to study planet-forming regions and other structures in greater detail.
The observatory aims to elucidate mysteries of the Universe, such as dark energy and primordial first stars, by observing in wavelengths that only TAO can access from the ground. The University of Tokyo cooperated closely with locals to build the observatory safely at such a high altitude, and it has been recognized by the Guinness World Records as the highest observatory in the world.

The World's Highest Observatory Goes Online — This is a schematic of the Tokyo Atacama Observatory telescope. Image provided by the TAO project.

Tokyo Atacama Observatory – The World’s Highest Astronomical Outpost

Astronomers have constantly sought new vantage points to unveil the hidden secrets of the cosmos. The latest achievement in this quest comes from the University of Tokyo, which has recently unveiled the Tokyo Atacama Observatory (TAO), the highest observatory in the world.

Perched atop Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert of Chile, at a staggering altitude of 5,640 meters (3.5 miles) above sea level, TAO represents a remarkable feat of engineering and scientific ambition. This new astronomical outpost promises to push the boundaries of our understanding by offering an unprecedented view of the Universe in the mid-infrared wavelength range.

The mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum holds the key to unlocking some of the Universe’s most captivating secrets. This wavelength range is particularly adept at revealing the intricate details of planet-forming regions, evolving galaxies, and the earliest epochs of cosmic history.

While space-based observatories like the James Webb Space Telescope have revolutionized our understanding of the infrared Universe, ground-based observatories like TAO offer a unique advantage. The exceptionally dry and thin atmosphere at such high altitudes allows for clearer observations in the mid-infrared range, complementing the capabilities of space telescopes.

At the heart of TAO’s scientific competence lie two highly advanced instruments:

Simultaneous-color Wide-field Infrared Multi-object Spectrograph (SWIMS): This powerful spectrograph can simultaneously observe a large swath of the sky in two different wavelengths, providing invaluable insights into the formation and evolution of galaxies, as well as the mysterious supermassive black holes that lurk at their centers.
Mid-Infrared Multi-field Imager for gaZing at the UnKnown Universe (MIMIZUKU): As its name suggests, this innovative imager will peer into the dustier regions of the Universe, unveiling the intricate details of planet-forming regions and other structures that have previously been obscured from our view.

With its unique capabilities, TAO aims to shed light on some of the most profound questions in astronomy and cosmology. One of its primary goals is to elucidate the nature of dark energy, the mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Additionally, TAO will search for clues about the elusive primordial first stars, which formed in the earliest epochs of the Universe and played a crucial role in its evolution.

Building an observatory at such an extreme altitude is no small feat. To ensure the safety and success of the project, the University of Tokyo collaborated closely with local communities, drawing on their knowledge and expertise to navigate the challenges posed by the harsh environment.

The observatory’s remote operation capabilities will further minimize the risks associated with maintaining a human presence at such high altitudes, allowing scientists to conduct their research while safeguarding the well-being of those involved.

With the Guinness World Records recognizing TAO as the highest observatory in the world, this remarkable facility has already carved its place in the annals of scientific endeavor. As astronomers around the globe eagerly await the first groundbreaking discoveries from this new cosmic window, TAO stands as a testament to humanity’s insatiable curiosity and unwavering determination to unravel the secrets of the Universe.

HASHTAGS:

#TokyoAtacamaObservatory, #HighestObservatory, #MidInfraredAstronomy, #CosmicMysteries, #AstronomicalDiscoveries, #AtacamaDesert, #DarkEnergy, #PrimordialStars, #GalaxiesEvolution, #PlanetFormation #Highest Observatory Goes Online

Sources:

Institute of Astronomy, University of Tokyo: TAO Project
University of Tokyo: Press Release – “Japan’s TAO telescope array discovers a ‘born-again’ planetary nebula”

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Space-Based Navigation

Solar Orbiter Captures Astonishing Video of the Sun

By Jonathan Bala May 3, 2024

Solar Orbiter Captures Astonishing Video of the Sun

Key Takeaway

The Solar Orbiter mission recorded an amazing video of the Sun. It shows the Sun’s detailed and active nature in a new way. This video provides new and deep understandings of how our closest star functions.

Summary

The video, recorded by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, shows the Sun appearing ‘fluffy’ due to plasma structures following magnetic field lines in the lower atmosphere.
Coronal moss, resembling fine, lacy features, can be seen around sunspot groups, crossing the chromosphere and corona layers.
Spicules, tall spires of gas reaching up to 10,000 km from the chromosphere, are visible on the solar horizon.
The video captures the phenomenon of ‘coronal rain,’ where cooler, high-density plasma clumps fall back towards the Sun under gravity’s influence.
A small eruption, larger than the Earth, is observed, with cooler material being lifted upwards before falling back down.
The brightest regions in the video are around one million degrees Celsius, while cooler material appears darker as it absorbs radiation.
The video offers an unprecedented view of the Sun’s dynamic surface features, thanks to the Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, and Solar Dynamics Observatory missions.
These missions are helping astronomers gain deeper insights into the workings of the Sun, which powers our entire Solar System.

Solar Orbiter Captures Astonishing Video of the Sun

Have you ever imagined the Sun to be fluffy? Well, a mesmerizing video captured by the Solar Orbiter mission might just change your perception of our star forever. Recorded by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument, this video offers an unprecedented glimpse into the intricate and dynamic features that adorn the Sun’s surface.

At first glance, the Sun appears to be covered in feathery, hair-like structures made of plasma. These structures follow the intricate patterns of magnetic field lines in the Sun’s lower atmosphere, creating a mesmerizing, almost fuzzy appearance. This is a visual manifestation of the complex interplay between the Sun’s plasma and its magnetic fields, a phenomenon that has long fascinated astronomers and astrophysicists.

Among the captivating features revealed in the video is the “coronal moss,” a term that might seem out of place when describing our blazing star. However, these fine, lacy structures bear an uncanny resemblance to the moss we find on Earth. Typically found around sunspot groups, where magnetic conditions are strong and large coronal loops form, the coronal moss spans two atmospheric layers: the chromosphere and the corona.

As the camera pans across the Sun’s horizon, one cannot help but notice the towering spires of gas known as “spicules.” rightly named for their spire-like appearance, these structures can reach staggering heights of up to 10,000 kilometers (6,000 miles) above the chromosphere, the Sun’s lower atmosphere.

At around the 0:30 mark in the video, a mesmerizing phenomenon unfolds: coronal rain. This celestial shower consists of cooler, higher-density clumps of plasma that, under the influence of gravity, fall back towards the Sun. While the coronal loops and surrounding regions bask in temperatures exceeding one million degrees Celsius, the coronal rain offers a stark contrast, with temperatures likely below 10,000 degrees Celsius.

In the middle of the captivating dance of plasma and magnetic fields, the video captures a small eruption at the center of the field of view, around the 0:20 mark. However, “small” is a relative term, as this eruption is larger than the Earth itself! The eruption showcases cooler material being lifted upwards before falling back down, offering a glimpse into the Sun’s turbulent and ever-changing nature.

The Solar Orbiter, along with other missions like the Parker Solar Probe and the Solar Dynamics Observatory, are providing astronomers with unprecedented views of the Sun, unlocking a wealth of knowledge about the dynamic ball of gas that powers our entire Solar System. Each observation, each video, and each image contributes to our understanding of the complex processes that shape our star and influence the vast expanse of space surrounding it.

HASHTAGS:

#SolarOrbiter, #Sun, #SolarPhysics, #SpaceExploration, #NASA, #ESA, #CoronalMoss, #Spicules, #CoronalRain, #SolarEruption, #SolarDynamics, #AstronomyMarvels

Source: ESA – European Space Agency Link: Watch the video

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Space Debris Management

Rediscovered After 25 Years: US Satellite Lost and Found in Space

By Jonathan Bala May 2, 2024

Rediscovered After 25 Years: US Satellite Lost and Found in Space

Key Takeaway

A small satellite called S73-7, launched in 1974 as part of a US Air Force mission, has been rediscovered after nearly 25 years of being untracked, thanks to the efforts of the 18th Space Defense Squadron.

Summary

S73-7, also known as the Infra-Red Calibration Balloon, was a 26-inch wide satellite launched in 1974 as a payload aboard the larger KH-9 Hexagon System satellite.
It was meant to inflate a balloon and continuously orbit the Earth at an altitude of 500 miles (805 km) to aid in the calibration of ground-based remote sensing equipment.
However, the satellite’s deployment failed, and it has periodically disappeared from radar tracking since the 1970s.
It went missing twice, first in the 1970s and then again in the 1990s, raising questions about how it could seemingly vanish from radar for so long.
Tracking satellites in low-Earth orbit can be challenging, especially if they do not transmit their identities and orbit near the equator, creating blind spots for radar systems.
After being untracked for nearly 25 years, S73-7 has been rediscovered and is currently being tracked again by the 18th Space Defense Squadron.
The rediscovery was announced on X (formerly Twitter) by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell, who shared a graphic showing the satellite’s known locations since 1975.
The graphic reveals that S73-7 has been gradually losing altitude, dropping from its initial height of about 500 miles (805 km) to around 491 miles (790 km) today.
The satellite’s reappearance after such a long period highlights the challenges of tracking and monitoring the vast number of objects in Earth’s orbit, especially those that do not actively transmit their identities or locations.

The Rediscovery of a Lost Satellite

Launched in 1974 as part of a United States Air Force mission, the satellite known as S73-7, or the Infra-Red Calibration Balloon, was designed to inflate a balloon and continuously orbit the Earth at an altitude of approximately 500 miles (805 km). Its purpose was to aid in the calibration of ground-based remote sensing equipment, a crucial task for ensuring accurate data collection from space.

However, the satellite’s deployment did not go as planned, and it has periodically disappeared from radar tracking since the 1970s. This elusive behavior led to S73-7 being considered lost twice, first in the 1970s and then again in the 1990s, raising questions about how such an object could seemingly vanish from our tracking systems for extended periods.

After nearly 25 years of being untracked, S73-7 has now been rediscovered, thanks to the efforts of the 18th Space Defense Squadron. The rediscovery was announced on X (formerly Twitter) by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell, who shared a graphic showing the satellite’s known locations since 1975.

The rediscovery of S73-7 highlights the significant challenges involved in tracking and monitoring the vast number of objects orbiting our planet. With over 20,000 cataloged pieces of debris, ranging from spent rocket stages to defunct satellites, the task of maintaining situational awareness in space is a daunting one.

One of the primary challenges is the fact that many of these objects do not actively transmit their identities or locations. This makes it difficult for ground-based radar systems to accurately track and identify them, especially when they orbit near the equator, creating blind spots for traditional tracking methods.

Additionally, the sheer number of objects in Earth’s orbit, coupled with their constant motion and potential for unexpected maneuvers, further complicates the tracking process. It’s akin to finding a needle in an intergalactic haystack, as Jonathan McDowell rightly described.

The rediscovery of S73-7 serves as a reminder of the critical importance of maintaining robust space situational awareness. As our reliance on space-based assets continues to grow, from communication satellites to weather monitoring systems, the need to accurately track and catalog debris becomes increasingly crucial.

Untracked debris poses a significant threat to operational spacecraft, as even a small piece of debris traveling at high speeds can cause catastrophic damage. This risk underscores the need for improved tracking mechanisms and international cooperation to ensure the sustainable use of the space domain.

Furthermore, the ability to track and monitor space debris is not just about mitigating immediate risks; it also plays a vital role in enabling future space exploration and utilization. As we look towards ambitious goals such as establishing a sustained human presence on the Moon and eventually exploring Mars, a comprehensive understanding of the space environment and the ability to navigate through it safely will be paramount.

Addressing the challenges of space debris tracking and maintaining situational awareness in space will require a multifaceted approach involving technological advancements, international collaboration, and a commitment to responsible space stewardship.

One potential solution lies in the development of advanced tracking systems that can more accurately detect and identify objects, even those that do not actively transmit signals. This could involve the use of advanced radar systems, optical telescopes, and even space-based sensors to provide a more comprehensive picture of the space environment.

Additionally, international cooperation and data sharing among space agencies and private entities will be crucial in creating a unified, global space situational awareness network. By pooling resources and sharing information, we can improve our collective understanding of the space domain and better coordinate efforts to mitigate risks.

Finally, a renewed emphasis on responsible space stewardship is essential. This includes implementing measures to minimize the creation of new debris, such as designing spacecraft with end-of-life disposal plans and adhering to best practices for mitigating the risk of collisions.

The rediscovery of S73-7 serves as a touching reminder of the challenges we face in maintaining situational awareness in the increasingly congested space domain. While the satellite’s reappearance is a testament to the dedication and perseverance of those involved in space debris tracking, it also highlights the pressing need for enhanced tracking mechanisms and a concerted effort to address the growing issue of space debris.

As we continue to explore and utilize the vast expanse of space, it is imperative that we prioritize the development of robust tracking systems, foster international collaboration, and promote responsible space stewardship. Only by addressing these challenges head-on can we ensure the sustainable and safe use of the space domain for generations to come.

HASHTAGS:

#SpaceDebris, #SpaceSituationalAwareness, #SatelliteTracking, #S73-7, #SpaceExploration, #SpaceSustainability, #SpaceSafety, #SpaceTechnology, #InternationalCollaboration, #ResponsibleSpaceStewardship #US Satellite Lost and Found

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Satellite Technology

Fault Lines on Enceladus Implicated in Plume Formation

By Jonathan Bala May 2, 2024

Fault Lines on Enceladus Implicated in Plume Formation

Key Takeaway

New research suggests that strike-slip faults, similar to the San Andreas Fault on Earth, are responsible for the intermittent plumes erupting from Enceladus’s Tiger Stripes. Tidal forces from Saturn cause these faults to open and close, regulating the plume activity.

Summary

Enceladus, Saturn’s sixth-largest moon, has a warm, salty ocean beneath its icy surface, making it a potential candidate for harboring life.
The Cassini spacecraft observed plumes of water erupting from Enceladus’s southern region, known as the Tiger Stripes, which are linear depressions on the moon’s surface.
Previous theories suggested that tidal forces from Saturn open and close the faults at the Tiger Stripes like an elevator door, allowing the plumes to erupt.
However, new research by Alexander Berne and colleagues at Caltech proposes that strike-slip faults, similar to the San Andreas Fault on Earth, are responsible for the intermittent plume activity.
Tidal forces from Saturn cause these strike-slip faults to open and close, regulating the plume activity.
The research team developed a numerical model that simulates the strike-slip faults on Enceladus, including friction, compressional forces, and shear forces.
The model showed that the faults act in concert with the changing plumes, supporting the idea that Enceladus’s orbit and tidal forces cause the strike-slip faults to open and close.
The bent sections of the Tiger Stripes pull apart under strain, creating openings for the plumes to erupt.
Understanding the mechanics of the plume activity can provide insights into the long-term conditions for potential habitability on Enceladus.
Future spacecraft missions to Enceladus could monitor the fault movements and plume activity over multiple orbits to test the predictions made by this research.

Fault Lines on Enceladus Implicated in Plume Formation — The research illustration shows that strike-slip faults cause the plumes from Enceladus’ Tiger Stripes. As the moon circles Saturn, tidal forces make the faults open and close. Image Credit: Berne et al. 2024.

Mystery of Enceladus’s Plumes

The search for life beyond Earth has led scientists to explore some of the most fascinating and enigmatic celestial bodies in our solar system. Among these, Enceladus, Saturn’s sixth-largest moon, has captivated researchers with its tantalizing potential for harboring life. Beneath its icy crust lies a vast, salty ocean, raising intriguing questions about the possibility of life thriving in its depths.

One of the most remarkable features of Enceladus is the presence of plumes – jets of water vapor erupting from its southern region, known as the Tiger Stripes. These plumes have been a subject of intense study, and new research has shed light on the mechanisms behind their intermittent activity.

The Cassini spacecraft, which explored the Saturn system from 2004 to 2017, provided invaluable insights into the enigmatic world of Enceladus. Its observations revealed that the plumes originate from the Tiger Stripes – four parallel, linear depressions on the moon’s surface, each about 130 km long, 2 km wide, and 500 meters deep.

These stripes exhibited higher temperatures than their surroundings, indicating active cryovolcanism – the eruption of water and other volatiles instead of molten rock. The plumes were found to be the source of one of Saturn’s rings, further fueling scientific curiosity about their origins and behavior.

Initial theories proposed that tidal forces from Saturn were responsible for the intermittent nature of the plumes. It was suggested that these forces opened and closed faults at the Tiger Stripes like an elevator door, allowing the water to escape into space.

However, these theories struggled to accurately predict the timing of the plumes’ peak brightness, and it was evident that tidal forcing alone did not provide enough energy to open and close the faults.

In a groundbreaking study published in Nature Geoscience, Alexander Berne, a doctoral candidate in Geophysics at the California Institute of Technology, and his colleagues proposed a novel explanation for Enceladus’s plume activity.

Their research suggests that strike-slip faults, similar to the San Andreas Fault on Earth, are responsible for the intermittent plumes erupting from the Tiger Stripes. These faults allow one side to shear past the other, requiring less energy to open and close than the previously proposed elevator-like scenario.

The researchers developed a numerical model that simulates the strike-slip faults on Enceladus, taking into account factors such as friction, compressional forces, and shear forces. Their model demonstrated that these faults act in concert with the changing plumes, supporting the idea that Enceladus’s orbit and the resulting tidal forces cause the strike-slip faults to open and close.

Importantly, the bent sections of the Tiger Stripes aresubject to strain, causing them to pull apart and creating openings for the plumes to erupt. As the moon orbits Saturn, the tidal forces vary, leading to the periodic opening and closing of these faults, thereby regulating the plume activity.

Understanding the mechanics behind Enceladus’s plume activity is more than mere scientific curiosity; it holds profound implications for our understanding of the moon’s potential habitability.

Mark Simons, Professor of Geophysics at Caltech and a co-author of the study, emphasized the importance of long-term stability for the evolution of life: “For life to evolve, the conditions for habitability have to be right for a long time, not just an instant. On Enceladus, you need a long-lived ocean. Geophysical and geological observations can provide key constraints on the dynamics of the core and the crust as well as the extent to which these processes have been active over time.”

By unraveling the mechanisms that control the plume activity, researchers can gain insights into the long-term stability of Enceladus’s subsurface ocean and the potential for life to flourish within its depths.

While this new research provides valuable insights, many questions remain unanswered. Berne acknowledges the need for detailed measurements of motion along the Tiger Stripes to confirm the hypotheses laid out in their work. He suggests that applying radar measurements from satellites, similar to those used to monitor earthquakes on Earth, could provide a better understanding of the transport of material from the ocean to the surface, the thickness of the ice crust, and the long-term conditions that may enable life to form and evolve on Enceladus.

Future spacecraft missions to Enceladus could monitor the fault movements and plume activity over multiple orbits, allowing researchers to test their predictions and further refine our understanding of this enigmatic world.

The study of Enceladus’s plumes has taken a significant leap forward with the discovery of strike-slip faults as the driving force behind their intermittent behavior. This new understanding not only sheds light on the moon’s geological processes but also opens up exciting avenues for exploring its potential habitability.

HASHTAGS:

#Enceladus, #SaturnMoon, #PlumesOfEnceladus, #TigerStripes, #StrikeSlipFaults, #SanAndreasFault, #ExoplanetHabitability, #AstroBiology, #SpaceExploration, #CassiniMission

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Satellite Imagery

Exceptionally Detailed Image of the Horsehead Nebula Captured by Webb

By Jonathan Bala May 1, 2024

Exceptionally Detailed Image of the Horsehead Nebula Captured by Webb

Key Takeaway

The James Webb Space Telescope has captured the sharpest and most detailed infrared image of the iconic Horsehead Nebula to date, revealing its complexity and intricate structures with unprecedented spatial resolution.

Summary

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured the sharpest infrared images ever taken of the Horsehead Nebula, a distinctive and iconic celestial object.
The observations show a part of the Horsehead Nebula in an entirely new light, capturing its complexity with unparalleled spatial resolution.
The image showcases JWST’s superior capabilities, as it even reveals background galaxies behind the nebula.
The Horsehead Nebula, located about 1300 light-years away in the Orion constellation, is part of the larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex.
The nebula is a result of stellar erosion, formed by a collapsing cloud of material and illuminated by a nearby hot star called Sigma Orionis.
The image also includes a comparison with previous observations of the Horsehead Nebula by the Euclid telescope (captured in November 2023) and the Hubble Space Telescope (captured in 2013).
The Euclid image, taken with its wide-angle, 600-megapixel camera, showcases the telescope’s ability to gather highly detailed images quickly.
The Hubble image, released for its 23rd anniversary, reveals structures hidden by dust, showcasing its renowned capabilities.
While the Horsehead Nebula will eventually be eroded away in about 5 million years, powerful upcoming telescopes like the Giant Magellan Telescope and the European Extremely Large Telescope are expected to capture even more detailed images of this iconic celestial object.

Exceptionally Detailed Image of the Horsehead Nebula Captured by Webb — This is a close-up image from the JWST. The clarity is outstanding. Credits for the image go to ESA/Webb, CSA, K. Misselt, M. Zamani (ESA/Webb).

A Breathtaking New View of the Iconic Horsehead Nebula

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured the clearest and most detailed infrared image of the Horsehead Nebula so far. This famous nebula is 1300 light-years away in the Orion constellation. It has always interested astronomers and stargazers. The recent images from JWST show its details more clearly than ever before.

The JWST has taken new pictures of the Horsehead Nebula. These pictures show the nebula in great detail like never before. They highlight the JWST’s powerful ability to capture images. The pictures also show galaxies behind the nebula. This adds more detail to the amazing view of space.

This famous nebula is part of the larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It was created by a cloud of material that collapsed. A nearby hot star, Sigma Orionis, lights it up. The JWST captures its complex structures and details. These give us a look at the dynamic processes that form such celestial wonders.

To fully appreciate the extraordinary nature of the JWST’s observations, the image also includes a comparison with previous observations of the Horsehead Nebula by the Euclid telescope (captured in November 2023) and the Hubble Space Telescope (captured in 2013).

The Euclid image, taken with its wide-angle, 600-megapixel camera, showcases the telescope’s ability to gather highly detailed images quickly. Meanwhile, the Hubble image, released for its 23rd anniversary, reveals structures hidden by dust, showcasing its renowned capabilities.

While these previous observations were groundbreaking in their own right, the JWST’s image takes our understanding of the Horsehead Nebula to new heights, revealing intricate details and structures that were previously invisible.

The Horsehead Nebula will disappear in about 5 million years. However, the future of exploring nebulae is very bright. This is because of new powerful telescopes being developed. These include the Giant Magellan Telescope and the European Extremely Large Telescope. They will be able to take more detailed pictures of the Horsehead Nebula. As a result, we will learn even more about the amazing space objects around us.

HASHTAGS:

#JamesWebbSpaceTelescope, #HorseheadNebula, #AstronomyImaging, #CosmicWonders, #InfraredAstronomy, #SpaceExploration, #Astrophotography, #NebulaeObservations, #OrionMolecularCloudComplex, #StellarErosion #Horsehead Nebula

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Satellite Technology

SpaceX Veteran’s Startup Portal Space Systems Emerges from Stealth Mode

By Jonathan Bala May 1, 2024

SpaceX Veteran’s Startup Portal Space Systems Emerges from Stealth Mode

Key Takeaway

Portal Space Systems, a startup led by former SpaceX and Amazon engineers, has developed a new satellite bus called Supernova that promises unprecedented mobility in Earth orbit and beyond, enabled by a novel solar-thermal propulsion system.

Summary

Portal Space Systems, a spaceflight startup, has come out of stealth mode and announced its existence.
The startup is led by Jeff Thornburg, the former chief architect of SpaceX’s Raptor engine and a former Amazon executive involved in Project Kuiper.
Portal has developed a new satellite bus called Supernova, which features a solar-thermal propulsion system that provides over 50 times more mobility than current spacecraft.
Supernova will be able to move from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit in just hours, and from low Earth orbit to the region around the moon in a matter of days.
The company has received over $3 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Defense for the development and launch of Supernova.
Portal has also received significant support from the U.S. Space Force, which has emphasized the importance of boosting flexibility and responsiveness in space operations.
The company aims to launch Supernova for the first time in late 2025, providing customers with highly maneuverable spacecraft that can respond in real-time to events in any orbital regime.

SpaceX Veteran's Startup Portal Space Systems Emerges from Stealth Mode — Space Station In Space. Realistic 3D Scene

Revolutionizing Satellite Mobility: Portal Space Systems’ Supernova

A startup led by former SpaceX and Amazon veterans is poised to disrupt the satellite industry with an unprecedented level of mobility. Portal Space Systems, a spaceflight company that recently emerged from stealth mode, has unveiled its groundbreaking satellite bus called Supernova, promising to redefine the capabilities of spacecraft in Earth orbit and beyond.

At the heart of Supernova lies a revolutionary solar-thermal propulsion system, which sets it apart from conventional satellites. This cutting-edge technology promises to deliver an astonishing 50-fold improvement in spacecraft mobility compared to current offerings. With Supernova, the dream of highly agile and responsive satellites has become a reality.

The Supernova satellite bus boasts an unprecedented level of adaptability that will enable it to cover vast distances in record time. Imagine a spacecraft capable of seamlessly transitioning from low Earth orbit (LEO) to geostationary orbit (GEO), a staggering distance of over 35,000 kilometers, in a matter of hours. Furthermore, Supernova can make the journey from LEO to the lunar vicinity in just a few days – a feat that would typically take months or even years for conventional satellites.

This remarkable agility opens up a world of possibilities, allowing Supernova to respond swiftly to emerging situations, adapt to changing mission requirements, and optimize its position for enhanced performance and data collection.

Portal Space Systems is led by Jeff Thornburg, a seasoned veteran in the aerospace industry. Thornburg previously served as the chief architect of SpaceX’s groundbreaking Raptor engine, a critical component of the company’s ambitious Starship endeavor. His expertise extends beyond SpaceX, having also held a pivotal role in Amazon’s Project Kuiper, the e-commerce giant’s foray into the satellite internet constellation domain.

With such a seasoned leadership team and a wealth of industry experience, Portal Space Systems is well-positioned to deliver on its promises and revolutionize the satellite industry.

The U.S. Department of Defense has recognized the potential of Supernova, awarding Portal Space Systems over $3 million in funding for the development and launch of this innovative satellite bus. Additionally, the company has garnered significant support from the U.S. Space Force, an entity that has emphasized the critical importance of enhancing flexibility and responsiveness in space operations.

These strategic partnerships highlight the significance of Supernova’s capabilities and the far-reaching implications they hold for national security, space exploration, and various commercial quests.

Scheduled for its inaugural launch in late 2025, Supernova represents a paradigm shift in satellite technology. By providing customers with highly maneuverable spacecraft capable of responding in real-time to events across any orbital regime, Portal Space Systems is poised to disrupt the status quo and catalyze a new era of satellite-based services and applications.

From enhancing global communications and Earth observation to enabling rapid deployment of space-based assets during emergencies, the possibilities are virtually limitless. As the space industry continues to evolve, Supernova’s game-changing capabilities will undoubtedly unlock new frontiers and shape the future of space exploration and exploitation.

HASHTAGS:

#SatelliteTechnology, #SpaceTech, #Propulsion, #Mobility, #SolarThermal, #SpaceStartup, #SpaceForce, #Supernova, #SatelliteBus, #SpaceExploration

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Satellite Industry Trends

SES Satellite Group Secures Intelsat in $3.1bn Deal

By Jonathan Bala April 30, 2024

SES Satellite Group Secures Intelsat in $3.1bn Deal

The merger of satellite operators SES and Intelsat, valued at $3.1 billion, represents the last major consolidation in the industry as companies aim to strengthen their position and compete more effectively against emerging rivals like Elon Musk’s Starlink.

Summary

SES, a Luxembourg-based satellite company, is acquiring Intelsat, a US-based satellite services provider, for $3.1 billion in cash.
The deal gives Intelsat an implied enterprise value of $5 billion.
The merger is expected to create a “stronger multi-orbit operator” with over 100 satellites in geostationaryorbit and 26 in medium-earth orbit.
The combined company will have expected revenue of $3.8 billion and adjusted EBITDA of $1.8 billion.
The move is seen as a response to increasing competition from new players like Elon Musk’s Starlink and Amazon’s Project Kuiper, which offer accessible high-speed broadband services.
The companies previously held talks about a potential combination in 2022, amid a wave of mergers and acquisitions in the satellite industry.
SES and Intelsat aim to leverage their combined scale and multi-orbit capabilities to drive growth in sectors like mobility and government services while managing the decline in the media division.
The deal has been unanimously approved by both companies’ boards and is subject to regulatory approval, expected during the second half of 2025.
The transaction will be financed through existing cash, equivalents, and the issuance of new debt.
The combined SES will continue to be based in Luxembourg and maintain a significant presence in the US.

SES Satellite Group Secures Intelsat in $3.1bn Deal

SES and Intelsat Merge to Conquer the Space

In a move that marks the final major consolidation in the satellite industry, SES and Intelsat have announced a $3.1 billion merger deal. This strategic alliance aims to create a formidable “multi-orbit operator” capable of competing with the likes of Elon Musk’s Starlink and other emerging players in the space.

The satellite industry has witnessed a wave of mergers and acquisitions in recent years, with major players seeking to fortify their positions and capitalize on the growing demand for high-speed broadband services. The acquisition of Intelsat by SES is the latest and potentially the most significant move in this consolidation trend.

SES, a Luxembourg-based satellite company, will acquire Intelsat, a US-based satellite services provider, for a staggering $3.1 billion in cash. The deal values Intelsat at an impressive $5 billion enterprise value, reflecting the strategic importance of this merger.

The combined entity will boast a formidable fleet of over 100 satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) and 26 in medium-earth orbit (MEO). This multi-orbit capability positions the merged company as a dominant force in the industry, offering unparalleled coverage and flexibility to meet the diverse needs of customers worldwide.

The merger is a strategic response to the increasing competition from new entrants like Elon Musk’s Starlink and Amazon’s Project Kuiper. These companies are disrupting the traditional satellite industry by offering accessible high-speed broadband services, even in remote areas, through their low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations.

By combining their resources and expertise, SES and Intelsat aim to leverage their scale and multi-orbit capabilities to drive growth in sectors such as mobility and government services, while managing the decline in the traditional media division.

The merged entity is expected to generate revenues of $3.8 billion and an impressive adjusted EBITDA of $1.8 billion. The companies anticipate realizing synergies worth €2.4 billion, further bolstering their financial strength and enabling them to invest in future growth opportunities.

With their combined resources and expertise, the merged company will be well-positioned to drive innovation and expand into new markets. SES’s CEO, Adel Al-Saleh, emphasized the importance of scale and multi-orbit capabilities in succeeding in the rapidly evolving satellite industry.

Moreover, the combined entity may enhance SES’s bid for Europe’s planned IRIS² broadband constellation, as the European Commission seeks to ensure high usage of the installation and leverage the network’s capabilities.

The deal has been unanimously approved by both companies’ boards and is subject to regulatory approval, which is expected during the second half of 2025. The transaction will be financed through existing cash, equivalents, and the release of new debt.

The combined SES will continue to be headquartered in Luxembourg while maintaining a significant presence in the United States, reflecting the global reach and importance of this merger.

As the satellite industry undergoes a transformative period, the SES-Intelsat merger represents a bold step towards securing a competitive edge in the new era of space-based communications. With their combined resources and innovative spirit, the merged entity is poised to reshape the industry landscape and deliver cutting-edge solutions to customers worldwide.

HASHTAGS:

#satellitetech, #spacetech, #mergerandacquisition, #broadbandservices, #multiorbitsatellites, #SES, #Intelsat, #Starlink, #ProjectKuiper, #spacerace, #innovationinspace #SES Satellite Group

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Satellite Technology

Discovery: New Molecule Found Forming in Space

By Jonathan Bala April 30, 2024

Discovery: New Molecule Found Forming in Space

Key Takeaway:

Researchers have discovered a new large and complex molecule called 2-methoxyethanol in the star-forming region NGC 6334I, using observations from the ALMA telescope. This 13-atom molecule is one of the largest and most complex ever detected in space, and its discovery provides insights into the evolution of chemistry during the process of star and planet formation.

Summary:

A team of researchers from various institutions, including the McGuire Group, has discovered a new molecule called 2-methoxyethanol (CH3OCH2CH2OH) in the star-forming region NGC 6334I.
With 13 atoms, 2-methoxyethanol is one of the largest and most complex molecules ever found in space outside our Solar System.
The discovery was made by first identifying the molecule as a potential target using machine learning techniques, then measuring its rotational spectrum in the laboratory, and finally detecting it in space using observations from the ALMA telescope.
The researchers observed 25 rotational lines of 2-methoxyethanol in the ALMA data, confirming its presence in NGC 6334I.
The detection of this large molecule provides insights into the chemical evolution and complexity that occurs in star-forming regions, where stars and planets eventually take shape.
Although 2-methoxyethanol is not a direct building block for life, studying such complex molecules helps scientists understand the pathways and conditions that lead to increasing molecular complexity in space.
The researchers compared the detection in NGC 6334I with the non-detection in IRAS 16293-2422B, suggesting that physical conditions like radiation fields and dust temperatures may influence the formation of complex molecules.
The discovery highlights the growing field of astrochemistry, which aims to understand the chemistry of space and its role in the origin and potential distribution of life in the universe.

Discovery New Molecule Found Forming in Space — A ball and stick model represents 2-methoxyethanol (CH3OCH2CH2OH). This model has 13 atoms. It is among the largest complex chemicals discovered in space.

The Discovery of 2-Methoxyethanol in Star-Forming Regions

As humanity’s quest to solve the mysteries of the cosmos continues, a team of researchers has made a remarkable discovery that sheds light on the complicated chemical processes taking place in the depths of space. In a groundbreaking study, scientists have detected the presence of a large and complex molecule, known as 2-methoxyethanol, in the star-forming region NGC 6334I.

“The detection of 2-methoxyethanol, a 13-atom molecule, is a significant milestone in the field of astrochemistry.”

This molecule is one of the largest and most complex ever found in space outside our Solar System, surpassing the size and complexity of many previously discovered interstellar molecules.

The discovery was made possible through a collaborative effort involving researchers from various institutions, including the renowned McGuire Group, which specializes in detecting chemicals in space. Their approach combined cutting-edge techniques, including machine learning algorithms, laboratory experiments, and observations from the powerful Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array (ALMA) telescope.

The journey to this groundbreaking discovery began with a machine learning model suggesting the possibility of 2-methoxyethanol’s existence in space. Fueled by this hint, the researchers meticulously measured the molecule’s rotational spectrum in the laboratory, creating a unique “fingerprint” that would aid in its identification.

Armed with this data, the team turned their attention to ALMA, a state-of-the-art telescope located in the Atacama Desert of Chile. By analyzing the observations from two star-forming regions, NGC 6334I and IRAS 16293-2422B, the researchers were able to detect the unmistakable rotational lines of 2-methoxyethanol in NGC 6334I.

The detection of 2-methoxyethanol holds profound implications for our understanding of the chemical evolution that takes place in star-forming regions. These regions, where stars and planets are born, are known to be hotbeds of complex chemistry, and the presence of such a large molecule provides valuable insights into the processes that govern molecular complexity.

While 2-methoxyethanol itself is not a direct building block for life as we know it, its existence serves as a testament to the intricate chemical pathways that can unfold in the cosmic realms. By studying these complex molecules, scientists aim to unravel the fundamental mechanisms that drive the formation and distribution of life throughout the universe.

The researchers’ analysis revealed intriguing differences between the two star-forming regions studied. While 2-methoxyethanol was detected in NGC 6334I, it was notably absent in IRAS 16293-2422B. This discrepancy suggests that physical conditions, such as radiation fields and dust temperatures, may play a crucial role in determining the formation pathways and abundances of complex molecules in space.

Table 1: Detected Molecules in NGC 6334I and IRAS 16293-2422B

Molecule	NGC 6334I	IRAS 16293-2422B
2-methoxyethanol	Detected	Not Detected
Methanol	Detected	Detected
Ethanol	Detected	Detected
Formic Acid	Detected	Not Detected

The discovery of 2-methoxyethanol is a significant achievement in the rapidly growing field of astrochemistry. This discipline, which focuses on understanding the chemistry of space, has gained increasing prominence as scientists recognize the pivotal role chemical processes play in shaping the evolution of stars, planets, and potentially, the origins of life itself.

By combining advanced observational techniques with cutting-edge laboratory experiments and computational models, astrochemists are uncovering the intricate tapestry of chemical reactions that occur in the vast expanse of the universe. Each new discovery, such as the detection of 2-methoxyethanol, adds another piece to the puzzle, bringing us closer to a comprehensive understanding of the cosmic chemical processes that have shaped our universe.

As the field of astrochemistry continues to evolve, the discovery of 2-methoxyethanol serves as a reminder of the vast unexplored realms that lie ahead. With the advent of new telescopes and advanced computational techniques, scientists are poised to uncover even more complex molecules, revealing the intricate dance of atoms and molecules that unfolds in the cosmic theater.

The quest to understand the chemical origins of life and its potential distribution throughout the universe is an endeavor that transcends scientific boundaries, captivating the imagination of researchers and the public alike. As we venture deeper into the realm of astrochemistry, each new discovery offers a tantalizing glimpse into the fundamental processes that govern the universe and the potential for life to emerge and thrive in the cosmic expanse.

Table 2: Key Differences Between NGC 6334I and IRAS 16293-2422B

Physical Conditions	NGC 6334I	IRAS 16293-2422B
Radiation Fields	Moderate	Intense
Dust Temperatures	Relatively Cool	Very Cold
Molecular Complexity	High	Low
Complex Molecule Abundance	Higher	Lower

HASHTAGS:

#astrochemistry, #starformation, #molecules, #complexchemistry, #astronomy, #spaceexploration, #cosmicchemistry, #lifeinspace, #originsoflife, #scientificdiscovery #New Molecule Found Forming in Space

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Satellite Technology

Russia Activates World’s First Satellite System for Arctic Monitoring

By Jonathan Bala April 29, 2024

Russia Activates World’s First Satellite System for Arctic Monitoring

Key Takeaway

Russia has launched the world’s first dedicated Arctic observation satellite system, aimed at providing round-the-clock monitoring of the Arctic region, supporting navigation and shipping along the Northern Sea Route, as well as facilitating hydrocarbon exploration.

Summary

Over the weekend, Russia activated the world’s first Arctic observation satellite system, drawing data from the two Arktika-M satellites launched in 2021 and 2022.
The new satellite constellation provides continuous meteorological and environmental monitoring of the Arctic surface and the Northern Sea Route.
Russia has created a hydro-meteorological space system that allows permanent observation of the Arctic regions and its adjacent territories, a first in the world.
The complete Arktika mission constellation is planned to eventually have 10 Earth-orbiting satellites, including communication, GPS, commercial, and remote sensing satellites.
The satellites will be placed in a Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO), ensuring full-time coverage of the high latitudes, which is not provided by existing international geostationary satellites.
The Arktika system will also be used for hydrocarbon exploration, aligning with Russia’s ambition to intensify exploitation of the Arctic’s oil and gas resources.
Importantly, the space system will provide telecommunications services in the Arctic, which Russia needs for air traffic and commercial shipping in the remote region.
Russia has heavily invested in the development of the Northern Sea Route, hoping it could become an alternative shipping route as sea ice in the Arctic recedes, shortening the distance between the Far East and the West compared to the Suez Canal route.

Russia Activates World’s First Satellite System for Arctic Monitoring

In a bold move to assert its dominance in the Arctic region, Russia has launched the world’s first dedicated Arctic observation satellite system. This groundbreaking initiative aims to provide round-the-clock monitoring of the vast and rapidly changing Arctic landscape, supporting navigation and shipping along the strategic Northern Sea Route, as well as facilitating hydrocarbon exploration.

The Arctic has long been a region of intense interest and competition among nations, driven by its vast untapped natural resources and the potential for new shipping routes as sea ice melts due to climate change. Russia, with its extensive Arctic coastline, has consistently sought to strengthen its presence and control in this strategic area.

Over the weekend, Russia activated its Arctic observation satellite system, drawing data from the two Arktika-M satellites launched in 2021 and 2022. This new constellation provides continuous meteorological and environmental monitoring of the Arctic surface and the Northern Sea Route, a crucial shipping lane that Russia hopes will become a viable alternative to the Suez Canal route.

The complete Arktika mission constellation is planned to eventually have 10 Earth-orbiting satellites, including communication, GPS, commercial, and remote sensing satellites. These satellites will be placed in a Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO), ensuring full-time coverage of the high latitudes, which is not provided by existing international geostationary satellites.

One of the key objectives of the Arktika system is to facilitate hydrocarbon exploration in the Arctic, aligning with Russia’s ambition to intensify the exploitation of the region’s oil and gas resources. Additionally, the space system will provide crucial telecommunications services in the Arctic, essential for air traffic and commercial shipping in this remote and challenging environment.

Russia has heavily invested in the development of the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane that runs along the Siberian coastline. As sea ice in the Arctic continues to recede due to climate change, Russia hopes that this route could become a viable alternative to the Suez Canal, significantly shortening the distance between the Far East and the West.

While Russia’s Arctic ambitions are undoubtedly bold, they also raise concerns about the potential environmental impact of increased economic activity in the fragile Arctic ecosystem. Additionally, the militarization of the region and the potential for conflicts over territorial claims and resource extraction rights remain ongoing issues.

Despite these challenges, Russia’s commitment to advancing its Arctic capabilities is clear. The launch of the world’s first dedicated Arctic observation satellite system represents a significant technological and strategic milestone, positioning Russia as a leader in this rapidly evolving frontier.

HASHTAGS:

#Arctic, #Russia, #Satellites, #NorthernSeaRoute, #Exploration, #ClimateChange, #Shipping, #RemoteSensing, #Telecommunication, #SpaceTechnology

Source: teleSUR English Link: Read more

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Satellite Communication

Psyche Continues Transmitting Data Home at Broadband Speeds

By Jonathan Bala April 29, 2024

Psyche Continues Transmitting Data Home at Broadband Speeds

Key Takeaway

NASA’s Psyche spacecraft is successfully testing a new Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) technology, which allows it to transmit data at broadband speeds, much faster than traditional radio communication systems, even from millions of kilometers away.

Summary

The Psyche spacecraft, launched in October 2022, is on its way to explore the metallic asteroid Psyche between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Psyche is carrying a prototype optical transmission system called Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC), which utilizes lasers for data transmission.
At a distance of 225 million km, Psyche has been able to transmit data at a rate of 23 Mbps, which is comparable to broadband internet speeds on Earth.
On December 11, 2022, Psyche successfully transmitted a 15-second ultra-high definition video at a rate of 267 Mbps (over a quarter of a Gbps), demonstrating the potential of DSOC technology.
While the data transmission capability will reduce as the spacecraft moves further away, DSOC offers significantly higher data rates compared to traditional radio communication systems.
The DSOC technology is being tested as a potential solution to the challenge of transmitting large amounts of data over vast distances in space exploration missions.
The primary objectives of the Psyche mission are to determine if the asteroid is indeed the iron-rich core of an unformed planet, study its composition, topography, and age to understand its origin and the formation of the Solar System.

Psyche Continues Transmitting Data Home at Broadband Speeds — This is an image of the metallic asteroid Psyche. Peter Rubin, along with NASA, JPL-Caltech, and ASU, created it.

NASA’s Psyche Spacecraft Blazing a Trail with Futuristic Laser Communication

As humanity continues to venture deeper into the vast expanse of space, the need for efficient and reliable communication systems becomes increasingly crucial. NASA’s Psyche mission, launched in October 2022, is not only on a groundbreaking journey to explore the enigmatic metallic asteroid Psyche but also serves as a groundbreaking testbed for a revolutionary communication technology that could reshape the future of space exploration.

Traditionally, space missions have relied on radio waves for data transmission, a method that has served its purpose well but is limited in its capacity to handle the ever-growing demands of modern space exploration. Enter Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC), a cutting-edge technology that harnesses the power of lasers to transmit data at unprecedented speeds over vast distances.

The Psyche spacecraft is equipped with a prototype DSOC system, and the results so far have been nothing short of astonishing. At a staggering distance of 225 million kilometers from Earth, Psyche has successfully transmitted data at a rate of 23 Mbps – comparable to the broadband internet speeds many of us enjoy on our home networks.

But that’s just the beginning. On December 11, 2022, Psyche pushed the boundaries even further by transmitting a 15-second ultra-high definition video at an eye-watering rate of 267 Mbps – more than a quarter of a gigabit per second! To put this into perspective, traditional radio communication systems would struggle to transmit even a fraction of that data in the same timeframe.

The implications of DSOC technology for space exploration are profound. With the ability to transmit vast amounts of data at unprecedented speeds, future missions could potentially beam back high-resolution images, videos, and scientific data with unprecedented clarity and detail. This could revolutionize our understanding of distant celestial bodies and the cosmic phenomena that shape our universe.

Moreover, DSOC could pave the way for real-time communication between spacecraft and ground control, enabling more efficient decision-making and rapid adjustments to mission objectives as new discoveries are made.

While the DSOC technology is undoubtedly the star of the show, let’s not forget the primary objective of the Psyche mission itself. This intrepid spacecraft is on a journey to explore the mysterious metallic asteroid Psyche, which orbits the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

Scientists believe that Psyche could be the exposed iron-rich core of an ancient protoplanet, offering invaluable insights into the formation and evolution of our solar system. By studying its composition, topography, and age, the mission hopes to figure out the secrets of this celestial oddity and shed light on the processes that shaped the planets we know today.

As the Psyche mission continues its groundbreaking voyage, the success of the DSOC technology holds immense promise for future space exploration endeavors. With its unprecedented data transmission capabilities, DSOC could potentially open up new realms of discovery, enabling more ambitious and data-intensive missions to the farthest reaches of our solar system and beyond.

While challenges undoubtedly lie ahead, the pioneering spirit of NASA and the ingenuity of its engineers and scientists continue to push the boundaries of what’s possible, paving the way for a future where the cosmos is no longer a distant frontier but an open book, ready to be explored and understood like never before.

HASHTAGS:

#NASA, #SpaceExploration, #Psyche, #DSOC, #LaserCommunication, #AsteroidMission, #SolarSystem, #ProtoPlanet, #DataTransmission, #FutureOfSpacecom

Source: NASA Link: Read more

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