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Space Exploration

NASA Mission at Risk: Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore Must Return in 14 Days

By Jonathan Bala August 5, 2024

NASA Mission at Risk: Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore Must Return in 14 Days

The potential overcrowding at the International Space Station (ISS) due to NASA’s Crew-9 mission scheduled for August 18 poses a challenge. Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore, currently stranded on the ISS, must return to Earth to make room for the new crew. Resolving the technical issues with the Boeing Starliner spacecraft is crucial to avoid delaying or canceling the upcoming mission.

Summary

NASA faces potential overcrowding at the ISS with the upcoming Crew-9 mission.
Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore are stranded due to technical issues with the Starliner spacecraft.
NASA plans to prioritize the return of Williams and Wilmore to free up docking ports.
The ISS is designed to house 3-6 astronauts, and additional crew could cause congestion.
NASA officials view the increased traffic as a positive sign of progress.
Technical fixes for the Starliner spacecraft are in progress, with no set return date yet.
Backup options are under review to ensure the safe return of the stranded astronauts.

Main Article

NASA’s International Space Station (ISS) is on the brink of congestion as the space agency prepares for its upcoming Crew-9 mission scheduled for August 18. The mission, set to launch from Earth with four astronauts aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon, faces a potential delay due to the extended stay of astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry “Butch” Wilmore on the ISS. The duo has been stranded since June 6 due to technical issues with their Boeing Starliner spacecraft, which is currently docked at the ISS.

The situation at the ISS has led to concerns about overcrowding, as the station is designed to accommodate only three to six astronauts at a time. The addition of the Crew-9 mission would push the number of occupants beyond this limit, causing potential logistical challenges and safety concerns.

Technical Issues with the Starliner

The Boeing Starliner spacecraft, which was meant to bring Williams and Wilmore back to Earth, has encountered propulsion system problems. The spacecraft’s return has become a priority to free up one of the two docking ports at the ISS.

The Crew-9 Mission

The Crew-9 mission, part of NASA’s collaboration with SpaceX, is crucial for the rotational shift of astronauts aboard the ISS. Scheduled to launch on August 18, the mission includes a six-month stay for its four astronauts, further emphasizing the need to resolve the Starliner issue promptly.

Potential Solutions and Contingency Plans

NASA and Boeing are working diligently to resolve the technical issues with the Starliner. Mark Nappi, who leads the Starliner efforts at Boeing, expressed hope that the technical fixes would be completed soon. The delay has prompted discussions about potential solutions to manage the increased traffic at the ISS.

Impact on the ISS Operations

The potential overcrowding at the ISS could impact daily operations, including scientific experiments, maintenance, and crew activities. The station’s infrastructure is designed to support a specific number of occupants, and exceeding this limit could strain resources.

Conclusion

NASA’s Crew-9 mission and the extended stay of astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore on the International Space Station (ISS) highlight how active space exploration is. The ISS sometimes gets crowded. This needs careful planning and quick solutions to technical problems. NASA and the company Boeing are working to bring the Starliner spacecraft back to Earth safely. Their main goal is to make sure all space missions are safe and successful.

Tables

Mission	Launch Date	Astronauts	Duration	Current Status
Starliner	June 6, 2024	Sunita Williams, Barry Wilmore, The CFT mission, which launched on June 5, 2024, was originally expected to last about 10 days. However, the mission was extended beyond 10 days and then again beyond 45 days due to better than expected battery performance. As of August 4, 2024, the mission had lasted 59 days and was still ongoing		Stranded at ISS
Crew-9	August 18, 2024	Zena Cardman; Nick Hague; Stephanie Wilson; Aleksandr Gorbunov	6 months	Scheduled for launch

Potential Solutions	Description
Delaying the Crew-9 mission	Postponing the launch to avoid overcrowding at the ISS
Resolving the Starliner issues	Fixing the technical problems to bring Williams and Wilmore back to Earth
Increasing ISS capacity	Enhancing the station’s infrastructure to support more astronauts
Rotating astronauts more frequently	Shortening mission durations to manage crew numbers

Hashtags

#NASA, #ISS, #SpaceX, #Crew9, #Starliner, #SunitaWilliams, #BarryWilmore, #SpaceExploration, #Astronauts, #SpaceMission

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Space Exploration

JWST’s Discovery of Ancient Galaxy Shakes Up Cosmic Theories: JADES-GS-z14-0

By Jonathan Bala August 4, 2024

JWST’s Discovery of Ancient Galaxy Shakes Up Cosmic Theories: JADES-GS-z14-0

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has detected the earliest galaxy ever observed, named JADES-GS-z14-0.
This galaxy formed around 300 million years after the Big Bang, challenging existing models of galaxy formation.
JADES-GS-z14-0 contains a massive halo of stars and significant amounts of dust and heavy elements.
Current theories suggest that galaxies in the early universe should have been smaller and less developed.
The discovery implies that galaxies could form and evolve much more quickly than previously thought.

Summary

Discovery of JADES-GS-z14-0: The James Webb Space Telescope’s detection of the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0.
Formation Time: This galaxy formed roughly 300 million years post-Big Bang, presenting a mystery to scientists.
Star Formation: JADES-GS-z14-0 features a halo of freshly minted stars that have been forming for 90 million years.
Galactic Models Challenged: The galaxy’s characteristics defy current models that suggest galaxies grow gradually.
Researcher Insights: Scientists emphasize the need for updated galaxy formation models to explain these observations.
Elemental Composition: The galaxy contains high levels of dust and heavy elements, indicating rapid star formation.
Previous JWST Findings: Earlier JWST discoveries also revealed mature galaxies that challenge theoretical predictions.
Possible Explanations: Researchers are exploring various hypotheses including supermassive black holes and dark energy.
Future Research: Ongoing studies aim to uncover the mechanisms behind these early galactic formations.

The Introduction of JADES-GS-z14-0

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has once again revolutionized our understanding of the universe with its latest discovery: the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0. Detected by Webb’s Near InfraRed Spectrograph (NIRSpec) earlier this year, this galaxy is the earliest ever observed, forming around 300 million years after the Big Bang, which occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago .

What astonished scientists most about JADES-GS-z14-0 is its early and rapid formation. The galaxy is surrounded by a massive halo of freshly minted stars that have been forming for at least 90 million years before the point of observation. This rapid star formation, just a couple hundred million years after the universe’s inception, defies current galaxy formation models .

The Challenge to Existing Models

Current theories suggest that galaxies in the early cosmos were supposed to start small and grow gradually over billions of years through processes like galactic mergers and the accretion of gas and dark matter. However, JADES-GS-z14-0 is far too massive and active for its age, challenging these traditional models.

Table 1: Comparison of Galactic Formation Models

Aspect of Formation	Traditional Models	JADES-GS-z14-0 Observations
Initial Growth	Slow and gradual	Rapid and massive
Star Formation Rate	Low in early stages	High, sustained over 90 million years
Elemental Composition	Limited heavy elements	Rich in dust and heavy elements
Galactic Mergers	Essential for growth	Unclear influence
Influence of Black Holes	Not early in formation	Possible early influence

Enriched Composition

Adding to the mystery, JADES-GS-z14-0 contains significant amounts of dust and heavy elements like oxygen. This suggests that the galaxy had already undergone multiple generations of star formation, enriching its interstellar medium with these elements long before its observed age of 290 million years .

This is not the first time the JWST has uncovered galaxies that challenge our understanding of the early universe. In 2023, the telescope revealed half a dozen massive galaxies that formed 500 to 700 million years after the Big Bang, defying 99 percent of theoretical predictions. These discoveries indicate that our current models of the early universe have serious blind spots .

Table 2: Notable Early Galaxy Discoveries by JWST

Galaxy Name	Formation Time After Big Bang	Unique Characteristics
JADES-GS-z14-0	300 million years	Rapid star formation, high dust content
HD1	330 million years	Extremely luminous, massive starburst activity
GLASS-z13	400 million years	High redshift, indicating early formation
CEERS-93316	500 million years	High stellar mass, mature star population
Maisie’s Galaxy	700 million years	Compact but highly luminous

Scientific Reactions

“The discovery by JWST of an abundance of luminous galaxies in the very early Universe suggests that galaxies developed rapidly, in apparent tension with many standard models,” the researchers wrote in a study published on July 29 in Nature . “Galaxy formation models will need to address the existence of such large and luminous galaxies so early in cosmic history.”

Scientists are exploring several hypotheses to explain these early, rapid galactic growth spurts. Some potential explanations include:

Earlier Formation of Supermassive Black Holes: These black holes might have existed earlier than previously thought, influencing galaxy formation.
Frequent Supernovae: The feedback effects from supernovae could have driven rapid star formation and growth.
Dark Energy Influence: Dark energy might play a role in accelerating the growth of early galaxies .

These discoveries imply that the universe is playing by a set of rules we have yet to fully understand. Our current models might need significant revisions to accommodate these new observations.

The Future of Cosmic Exploration

The JWST’s Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey aims to explore these mysteries further. It observes more distant and ancient galaxies. By doing this, astronomers hope to understand the early history of the universe better. They also want to improve our models of galaxy formation.

Upcoming Research and Missions

Future missions and studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms behind these early galactic formations. Key areas of research include:

Supermassive Black Hole Formation: Investigating how and when these black holes form and their impact on galaxy evolution.
Star Formation Rates: Understanding the conditions that lead to rapid star formation in the early universe.
Cosmic Reionization: Studying how early galaxies contributed to the reionization of the universe .

Advancements in telescope technology and data analysis will play a crucial role in these investigations. Enhanced resolution, wider spectral coverage, and improved computational models will enable more detailed observations and insights .

Conclusion

The discovery of JADES-GS-z14-0 by the James Webb Space Telescope has profoundly impacted our understanding of the early universe. This ancient galaxy’s rapid formation and rich elemental composition challenge existing models and suggest that galaxies could evolve much more quickly than previously thought. As researchers continue to study these early cosmic phenomena, they will likely uncover new insights that reshape our understanding of the universe’s infancy .

References

Nature. (2024). The discovery of JADES-GS-z14-0. Nature Journal

Hashtags

#JWST, #GalaxyDiscovery, #CosmicTheories, #EarlyUniverse, #Astronomy, #SpaceExploration, #JADESGSz140, #JamesWebbSpaceTelescope, #GalaxyFormation, #CosmicMysteries

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Satellite Internet Providers

Starlink Dish V4 and Router Gen 3: Installation and Setup Guide

By Jonathan Bala August 4, 2024

Starlink Dish V4 and Router Gen 3: Installation and Setup Guide

The new Starlink Dish V4 and Router Gen 3 offer significantly improved performance, durability, and user-friendliness. With enhanced download and upload speeds, reduced response time, and a straightforward installation process, this hardware is designed to provide high-quality internet service in remote and underserved areas.

Pros and Cons

Pros:

Better download and upload speeds
Reduced latency
Improved durability
User-friendly setup and app
Wide availability

Cons:

Significant up-front cost compared with cable or fiber modems
Performance varies with location and gateway assignment

Summary

Starlink: Satellite internet service by SpaceX offering high-speed internet in remote areas.
Dish V4: Newer, more compact, and durable with a larger antenna surface.
Router Gen 3: Enhanced with Wi-Fi 6, tri-band support, and better coverage.
Improved Performance: Faster speeds, better connectivity, and lower latency.
Installation: Easy to set up with a detailed guide and app assistance.
Service Plans: Standard residential plan at $120 per month, with no data cap.
Testing Results: Significant improvements in download, upload speeds, and latency.
Verdict: The best satellite internet hardware with ongoing improvements.

Introduction to Starlink

Starlink is a satellite internet service provided by Elon Musk’s SpaceX. It offers broadband internet almost anywhere with a clear view of the sky, making high-speed internet accessible in remote areas where traditional services like cable or fiber are unavailable. Starlink uses a network of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to provide internet connectivity.

The Latest Starlink Gear: Dish V4 and Router Gen 3

The latest Starlink equipment includes the Dish V4 and Router Gen 3. These new devices promise better performance with upgraded specifications and enhanced durability.

Starlink Standard Kit (2024 Model) Specs

Beamforming
IPv6 Compatible
MU-MIMO
Number of Antennas: 12

Table 1: Comparison of Old and New Starlink Dishes

Specification	Dish V2	Dish V4
Antenna Surface Area	Smaller	Larger
Design	Bulkier	Slimmer
Durability	Standard	Enhanced
Wind Resistance	Moderate	Higher
Weight	Heavier	Lighter

Table 2: Router Gen 3 Specifications

Feature	Router Gen 2	Router Gen 3
Wi-Fi Standard	Wi-Fi 5	Wi-Fi 6
Bands	Dual-band	Tri-band
MU-MIMO Support	2×2	4×4
Max Devices Supported	128	235
Coverage Area	2,000 sq. ft.	3,200 sq. ft.
Ethernet Ports	None	2

Installation and Setup

Installing the new Starlink equipment is straightforward. The Starlink kit includes the dish, router, cables, and power supply.

Step-by-Step Installation Guide

Unbox the Equipment: Ensure all components are present.
Position the Dish: Place the dish in a location with a clear view of the sky. Use the integrated kickstand for stability.
Connect the Cables: Attach the provided cables to the dish and the router.
Power Up: Connect the power supply to an electrical outlet.
Download the Starlink App: Use the app to guide you through the setup process and ensure optimal placement.
Complete Setup: Follow the app’s instructions to finalize the installation and connect your devices.

Starlink’s 2024 Service Plans

Starlink offers several service plans, with the standard residential plan costing $120 per month. This plan includes high-speed internet with no data cap, ideal for streaming, gaming, and video calls.

Other Service Plans

Business Plan: Higher cost and enhanced performance for business needs.
RV Plan: Tailored for use on the go, suitable for RVs and vans.
Maritime Plan: Provides internet connectivity on boats and ships.

Testing the Dish V4 and Router Gen 3

To evaluate the performance of the new Starlink hardware, a 20-day testing period was conducted, revealing significant improvements in download, upload speeds, and response time.

Download Speeds

Average: 150 Mbps
Peak: 325 Mbps
Low: 47 Mbps

Upload Speeds

Average: 23 Mbps
Peak: 30 Mbps
Low: 10 Mbps

Response Time

Average: 29 ms
Low: 20 ms
High: 50 ms

Conclusion

The Starlink Dish V4 and Router Gen 3 represent the best satellite internet hardware available, offering improved performance, durability, and user-friendliness. With better download and upload speeds, reduced latency, and a straightforward installation process, this hardware is ideal for providing high-quality internet service in remote and underserved areas. Despite the significant up-front cost, the benefits and ongoing improvements make it a worthwhile investment for those in need of reliable internet connectivity.

Hashtags:

#Starlink, #SatelliteInternet, #DishV4, #RouterGen3, #WiFi6, #HighSpeedInternet, #SpaceX, #RemoteInternet, #TechReview

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Space Exploration

Chinese Lunar Mission Finds Naturally Formed Graphene on the Moon

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Chinese Lunar Mission Finds Naturally Formed Graphene on the Moon

Scientists have discovered naturally formed graphene on the Moon. This discovery could revolutionize our understanding of lunar formation and graphene production. Future lunar missions could utilize this material for infrastructure development. The discovery was made by a team led by researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Jilin University. These findings challenge previous beliefs about the carbon content on the Moon.

Summary

Graphene Discovery: Naturally formed graphene found on the Moon.
Significance: Potential impact on lunar science and graphene manufacturing.
Team: Led by CAS and Jilin University researchers.
Method: Spectroscopic analysis of lunar soil sample from Chang’e 5 mission.
Implications: Insights into lunar formation, volcanic activity, and solar wind impact.
Applications: Electronics, power storage, construction, and supermaterials.
Future Missions: Potential for creating permanent lunar infrastructure.
Historical Context: Challenges the Giant Impact Hypothesis.
Manufacturing: Potential for low-cost graphene synthesis.
Collaborations: Involvement of multiple key laboratories and research centers.

The Discovery of Graphene on the Moon

In 2004, scientists at the University of Manchester first isolated and investigated graphene, the supermaterial composed of single-layer carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Since then, it has become a wonder, with properties that make it extremely useful in numerous applications. Among scientists, it is generally believed that about 1.9% of carbon in the interstellar medium (ISM) exists in the form of graphene, with its shape and structure determined by the process of its formation.

As it happens, there could be lots of this supermaterial on the surface of the Moon. In a recent study, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) revealed naturally formed graphene arranged in a special thin-layered structure on the Moon. These findings could have drastic implications for our understanding of how the Moon formed and lead to new methods for the manufacture of graphene, with applications ranging from electronics, power storage, construction, and supermaterials. They could also prove useful for future missions that will create permanent infrastructure on the lunar surface.

The team was led by professors Wei Zhang and Meng Zou from the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering and the Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials at Jilin University, Jilin University senior engineer Xiujuan Li, and Wencai Ren from the CAS’ Institute of Metal Research (CAS-ISM). They were joined by colleagues from multiple Key Laboratories at Jilin University, the CAS-ISM, the Deep Space Exploration Lab, and the Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center. The paper that describes their findings appeared in the National Science Review.

The Giant Impact Hypothesis and Lunar Carbon Content

For decades, scientists have speculated that the Earth-Moon system was formed from a massive collision – the Giant Impact Hypothesis – between a Mars-sized body (Theia) and Earth roughly 4.4 billion years ago. This theory is supported by analyses of the moon rocks returned by the Apollo astronauts, which led to the notion of a carbon-depleted Moon. However, recent findings have come to challenge this consensus based on the observation of global carbon ion fluxes on the Moon, which suggest the presence of indigenous carbon .

These observations are consistent with the analysis of one of the Apollo 17 samples that showed the presence of graphite. For their study, the team conducted a spectroscopic analysis of an olive-shaped sample of lunar soil (measuring about 2.9 mm by 1.6 mm) retrieved by the Chang’e 5 mission in 2020. This was China’s third robotic mission to reach the lunar surface and its first sample return from the Moon . From the spectra they obtained, they found an iron compound in a carbon-rich section of the sample that is closely related to the formation of graphene.

Formation and Analysis of Lunar Graphene

Upon further analysis using advanced microscopic and mapping technologies, they confirmed that the carbon in the sample was graphene flakes two to seven layers thick. In terms of how it got there, the team proposed that the graphene may have formed during a period of volcanic activity early in the Moon’s history when it was still geologically active. They further hypothesize that the graphene was catalyzed by solar winds that kicked up the lunar regolith and its iron-containing minerals, which could have helped transform the carbon’s atomic structure.

They also allow for the possibility of meteorite impacts, which are also known to create high-temperature and high-pressure environments similar to volcanic activity. As they state in their paper:

“Graphene is embedded as individual flakes or formed as part of a carbon shell enclosing the mineral particles. Our result reveals one typical structure of indigenous carbon in the Moon and its formation mechanism has been proposed. This finding may reinvent the understanding of chemical components, geography episodes and the history of the Moon.”

Chinese Lunar Mission Finds Naturally Formed Graphene on the Moon — Artist’s impression of the interior of the Moon. Credit: Hernán Cañellas/Benjamin Weiss

Potential Applications of Lunar Graphene

These findings could also have a tremendous impact on research here on Earth, where graphene is being investigated for applications ranging from electronics and mechanics to materials science. As they indicate in their study, this study could lead to new methods for inexpensively producing the material and offer additional opportunities for lunar exploration:

“The identification of graphene in the core–shell structure suggests a bottom-up synthesis process rather than exfoliation, which generally involves a high-temperature catalytic reaction. Therefore, a formation mechanism of few-layer graphene and graphitic carbon is proposed here…

“In turn, the mineral-catalysed formation of natural graphene sheds light on the development of low-cost scalable synthesis techniques for high-quality graphene. Therefore, a new lunar exploration program may be promoted and some forthcoming breakthroughs can be expected.”

These findings could also prove useful for future missions that will lead to the development of permanent infrastructure on the lunar surface. This includes NASA’s Artemis Program, which aims to create a “sustained program of lunar exploration and development.” There’s also the ESA’s Moon Village initiative and China and Russia’s plan for an International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). In addition to exploration and scientific research, these programs could conduct experiments on the properties and uses of graphene, which could include the manufacture of lunar habitats.

Tables and Figures

Table 1: Comparison of Graphene Production Methods

Method	Description	Cost	Scalability	Quality
Exfoliation	Mechanical/chemical peeling of layers	High	Low	High
CVD	Chemical vapor deposition	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Epitaxial Growth	Layer-by-layer growth on substrates	High	Low	High
Bottom-up Synthesis	Formation from carbon-containing minerals	Low	High	High

Table 2: Potential Applications of Lunar Graphene

Application	Description	Benefit
Electronics	Use in transistors, sensors, and circuits	Higher speed, efficiency, and miniaturization
Power Storage	Batteries and supercapacitors	Increased energy density and faster charging
Construction	Reinforcement of materials	Enhanced strength and durability
Supermaterials	Creation of new, advanced composites	Lightweight, high-performance materials

Conclusion

The discovery of naturally formed graphene on the Moon by researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Jilin University marks a significant milestone in lunar science and material engineering. This finding challenges existing theories about the Moon’s formation and carbon content, providing new insights into its geological history. Furthermore, the potential applications of lunar graphene could revolutionize industries on Earth and support future lunar missions aimed at establishing permanent infrastructure on the Moon.

The interdisciplinary collaboration between various key laboratories and research centers highlights the importance of international cooperation in advancing our understanding of space and developing innovative technologies. As we continue to explore the Moon and beyond, discoveries like these remind us of the vast potential that lies within our solar system.

For further reading, please visit EurekAlert!, the National Science Review, and Universe Today.

For more information on the research institutions involved, visit the Chinese Academy of Science, Jilin University, Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, and the Deep Space Exploration Lab.

Hashtags:

#Graphene, #LunarScience, #MoonExploration, #MaterialScience, #SpaceResearch, #CAS, #JilinUniversity, #ApolloMission, #ChangE5, #NASAArtemis, #MoonVillage, #InternationalLunarResearchStation

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Space Exploration

Why Dimorphos Has a Surprisingly Fresh Surface

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Why Dimorphos Has a Surprisingly Fresh Surface

Dimorphos, the small moonlet of the asteroid Didymos, has an unexpectedly young and fresh surface, which has intrigued scientists since the DART mission impact in 2022. Researchers discovered that Dimorphos is a rubble pile, likely formed from material shed by Didymos, with its boulders showing signs of thermal fatigue. These findings provide insights into asteroid geology, the effectiveness of kinetic impactors for planetary defense, and the history of our Solar System.

Summary

Dimorphos’ surface age is estimated at 300,000 years, much younger than Didymos’ 12.5 million years.
Both Didymos and Dimorphos are rubble pile asteroids, consisting of loosely held together boulders and gravel.
The DART mission significantly altered Dimorphos’ orbit, showcasing the impact potential of kinetic impactors.
Thermal fatigue plays a crucial role in breaking up surface boulders on Dimorphos.
Researchers observed a lower bearing capacity on Didymos compared to Earth’s dry sand.
ESA’s Hera mission will further study Dimorphos in 2026 to understand the long-term effects of the DART impact.

In five new Nature Communications papers, the team behind @NASA's successful #DARTMission sheds new light on the structure and origins of the asteroid system encountered in 2022. https://t.co/G7x5tQyriq @NASASolarSystem @AsteroidWatch pic.twitter.com/i82oxbrXxw

— Johns Hopkins APL (@JHUAPL) July 30, 2024

Main Article

The asteroid Dimorphos, a small moonlet orbiting the larger asteroid Didymos, has captured the attention of scientists worldwide. Following NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission in September 2022, researchers have explored into the geology and formation of these celestial bodies. Surprisingly, they found that Dimorphos has a much fresher surface compared to Didymos.

The Age of Dimorphos and Didymos

One of the most striking discoveries about Dimorphos is its surface age. While Didymos has a surface age of approximately 12.5 million years, Dimorphos’ surface is estimated to be only 300,000 years old. This significant age difference suggests that Dimorphos’ surface has been resurfaced relatively recently in geological terms. The younger surface of Dimorphos has led scientists to investigate the processes that could contribute to this rapid resurfacing.

Rubble Pile Composition

Both Didymos and Dimorphos are classified as rubble pile asteroids. This means they are not solid bodies but rather loose aggregates of rocks, boulders, gravel, and dust held together by their own gravity. Andy Rivkin, DART investigation team co-lead at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab (APL), described Dimorphos as “a pile of gravel and boulders (and some sand/dust) held together by its own gravity, and really not anything else.” This lack of cohesion between the different pieces makes rubble pile asteroids particularly interesting and challenging to study.

Impact of the DART Mission

The DART mission aimed to test the kinetic impactor technique as a method for planetary defense. By intentionally crashing into Dimorphos, the mission successfully altered the moonlet’s orbit, decreasing its orbital period by about 34 minutes. The significant change in Dimorphos’ orbit can be attributed to its rubble pile composition. A collection of loosely bound boulders is easier to shift than a solid object, highlighting the potential effectiveness of kinetic impactors in diverting hazardous asteroids.

Geology and Surface Characteristics

The images and data collected by DART provided a close-up view of the Didymos/Dimorphos system. Olivier Barnouin, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, and their team at APL used this information to determine the surface characteristics and ages of both asteroids. They found that the weak surface characteristics of these bodies contributed to the effectiveness of the DART impact. Dimorphos, covered with boulders of varying sizes, contrasts with the smoother, though still rocky, surface of Didymos at lower elevations.

Formation of Dimorphos

Researchers believe that Dimorphos likely formed from material shed by Didymos. The spin-up of Didymos, leading to a large mass shedding event, could have resulted in the formation of Dimorphos. This process was confirmed in a study by Maurizio Pajola and his team from the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) in Rome. They concluded that both Didymos and Dimorphos are primarily composed of boulders formed through the catastrophic disruption of their progenitors.

Thermal Fatigue and Boulder Fracturing

One of the critical processes affecting Dimorphos’ surface is thermal fatigue. Alice Lucchetti and colleagues from INAF discovered that the size and distribution of boulders on Dimorphos are consistent with thermal fatigue. This phenomenon involves the gradual weakening and cracking of materials due to heat, causing boulders to break up more rapidly than previously thought. Thermal fatigue significantly alters the physical characteristics of asteroids, contributing to their rapid resurfacing.

“The presence of boulder fields affected by thermal fracturing on near-Earth asteroid surfaces may contribute to an enhancement in the ejected mass and momentum from kinetic impactors when deflecting asteroids,” noted the authors of the study.

Bearing Capacity of Didymos

Understanding the surface’s ability to support applied loads, or bearing capacity, is crucial for predicting how an asteroid’s surface will respond to impacts. Jeanne Bigot and Pauline Lombardo from ISAE-SUPAERO in Toulouse, France, led a study that estimated Didymos’ bearing capacity. They found it to be only 0.1% that of dry sand on Earth. This low bearing capacity is an essential parameter for planetary defense strategies and future missions targeting asteroid displacement.

Comparative Analysis of Rubble Pile Asteroids

Colas Robin and co-authors conducted a comparative analysis of surface boulders on Dimorphos and other rubble pile asteroids, such as Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu. They found striking similarities in the boulders across these asteroids, suggesting they formed and evolved in a similar fashion. The data gathered from these comparisons provide valuable insights for future planetary defense missions and the interpretation of impactor missions.

Future Missions and Studies

The DART mission has paved the way for further research and exploration of the Didymos/Dimorphos system. ESA’s Hera mission, set to launch in 2024, will arrive at Didymos and Dimorphos in December 2026. Hera will conduct a detailed study of Dimorphos, examining the long-term effects of the DART impact and providing more insights into the moonlet’s geology and evolution.

Why Dimorphos Has a Surprisingly Fresh Surface (2) — a. The dashed magenta line represents the approximate equator on the surface of Didymos. Magenta arrows show example boulder tracks. White arrows show likely boulders. b. There are 15 boulder tracks identified on the surface of Didymos. These tracks are indicated by the magenta lines. Credit: Bigot, Lombardo et al.

Conclusion

Dimorphos’ surprisingly fresh surface and its rubble pile composition have provided scientists with valuable information about the formation and evolution of asteroids. The DART mission’s successful alteration of Dimorphos’ orbit demonstrates the potential of kinetic impactors for planetary defense. As researchers continue to study the Didymos/Dimorphos system, our understanding of these celestial bodies and their role in the history of our Solar System will continue to grow. The findings from the DART mission and future missions like Hera will inform strategies for protecting Earth from potential asteroid threats.

Tables

Asteroid	Surface Age (years)	Composition	Surface Characteristics
Didymos	12.5 million	Rubble pile	Rocky, craters, smoother at lower elevations
Dimorphos	300,000	Rubble pile	Covered with boulders, rapid resurfacing

Study	Lead Author	Key Findings
The geology and evolution of Didymos	Olivier Barnouin	Dimorphos’ fresh surface, rubble pile composition
Evidence for multi-fragmentation	Maurizio Pajola	Dimorphos formed from Didymos’ shed material
Fast boulder fracturing by thermal fatigue	Alice Lucchetti	Thermal fatigue rapidly alters asteroid surface characteristics
Bearing capacity of Didymos	Jeanne Bigot, Pauline Lombardo	Low bearing capacity compared to Earth’s dry sand
Mechanical properties of rubble pile asteroids	Colas Robin	Similarities in boulder characteristics among rubble pile asteroids

References

Barnouin, O., Ballouz, R.-L., et al. (2024). The geology and evolution of the Near-Earth binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50146-x
Pajola, M., et al. (2024). Evidence for multi-fragmentation and mass shedding of boulders on rubble-pile binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50148-9
Lucchetti, A., et al. (2024). Fast boulder fracturing by thermal fatigue detected on stony asteroids. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50145-y
Bigot, J., Lombardo, P., et al. (2024). The bearing capacity of asteroid (65803) Didymos estimated from boulder tracks. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50149-8
Robin, C., et al. (2024). Mechanical properties of rubble pile asteroids (Dimorphos, Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu) through surface boulder morphological analysis. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50147-w
Barnouin, O., Ballouz, R.-L., et al. (2024). The geology and evolution of the Near-Earth binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50146-x
Pajola, M., et al. (2024). Evidence for multi-fragmentation and mass shedding of boulders on rubble-pile binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50148-9
Lucchetti, A., et al. (2024). Fast boulder fracturing by thermal fatigue detected on stony asteroids. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50145-y
Bigot, J., Lombardo, P., et al. (2024). The bearing capacity of asteroid (65803) Didymos estimated from boulder tracks. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50149-8
Robin, C., et al. (2024). Mechanical properties of rubble pile asteroids (Dimorphos, Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu) through surface boulder morphological analysis. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50147-w
NASA. (2023). NASA’s DART Mission Sheds New Light on Target Binary Asteroid System. NASA Science
Newswise. (2023). DART Forward: Five Papers Shed New Light on Asteroids from World’s First Planetary Defense Test. Newswise

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Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Boeing Starliner Crew: NASA Explores Solutions for Safe Return

Technical Issues: Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft faced helium leaks and failing thrusters during its mission.
Testing and Evaluation: NASA and Boeing have conducted extensive testing to address the issues, but concerns remain.
Potential Alternatives: NASA is considering using SpaceX’s Crew Dragon to bring the astronauts back safely.
Decision Pending: NASA has not yet made a final decision on whether to use Starliner or Crew Dragon for the return mission.

Summary

Starliner Mission Overview: Launched eight weeks ago on an Atlas V rocket.
Crew Members: Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams.
Initial Problems: Helium leaks and failing thrusters.
Testing: Ground tests at White Sands and thruster tests in orbit.
Options: NASA evaluating all options, including Crew Dragon.
Delay in Decision: Flight Readiness Review meeting canceled.
SpaceX’s Role: SpaceX studying emergency response and potential crew return scenarios.
Safety Concerns: Discussions about the safety of using Starliner versus Crew Dragon.
Potential Impact: Decision may affect the future of the Starliner program.
NASA’s Challenge: Balancing risk and reward in the final decision.

NASA Explores Solutions to Return Boeing Starliner Crew Safely

Eight weeks after the Starliner spacecraft launched, NASA is still looking for possible answers to its technical issues—including the possibility of SpaceX lending a hand.

It has now been eight weeks since Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft launched into orbit on an Atlas V rocket, bound for the International Space Station. At the time, NASA officials said the two crew members, Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, could return to Earth as soon as June 14, just eight days later.

Yes, there had been some problems on Starliner’s ride to the space station that involved helium leaks and failing thrusters. But officials said they were relatively minor and sought to downplay them. “Those are pretty small, really, issues to deal with,” Mark Nappi, vice president and manager of Boeing’s Commercial Crew Program, said during a post-docking news conference. “We’ll figure them out for the next mission. I don’t see these as significant at all.”

But days turned to weeks, and weeks turned to months as NASA and Boeing continued to study the two technical problems. Of these issues, the more pressing concern was the failure of multiple reaction control system thrusters that are essential to steering Starliner during its departure from the space station and setting up a critical engine burn to enter Earth’s atmosphere.

In the last few weeks, ground teams from NASA and Boeing completed testing of a thruster on a test stand at White Sands, New Mexico. Then, last weekend, Boeing and NASA fired the spacecraft’s thrusters in orbit to check their performance while docked at the space station. NASA has said preliminary results from these tests were helpful.

Dragon Becomes a Real Option

One week ago, the last time NASA officials spoke to the media, the agency’s program manager for commercial crew, Steve Stich, would not be drawn into discussing what would happen should NASA conclude that Starliner’s thrusters were not reliable enough for the return journey to Earth.

“Our prime option is to complete the mission,” Stich said one week ago. “There are a lot of good reasons to complete this mission and bring Butch and Suni home on Starliner. Starliner was designed, as a spacecraft, to have the crew in the cockpit.”

For a long time, it seemed almost certain that the astronauts would return to Earth inside Starliner.

However, there has been a lot of recent activity at NASA, Boeing, and SpaceX that suggests that Wilmore and Williams could come home aboard a Crew Dragon spacecraft rather than Starliner. Due to the critical importance of this mission, Ars is sharing what we know as of Thursday afternoon.

One informed source said it was greater than a 50-50 chance that the crew would come back on Dragon. Another source said it was significantly more likely than not they would. To be clear, NASA has not made a final decision. This probably will not happen until at least next week. It is likely that Jim Free, NASA’s associate administrator, will make the call.

Asked if it was now more likely than not that Starliner’s crew would return on Dragon, NASA spokesperson Josh Finch told Ars on Thursday evening,

“NASA is evaluating all options for the return of agency astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams from the International Space Station as safely as possible. No decisions have been made, and the agency will continue to provide updates on its planning.”

What follows are some data points that Ars can confidently report based on multiple sources:

NASA keeps delaying a decision: A Flight Readiness Review meeting had been scheduled for today, August 1, several days in advance. However, it was canceled. Instead, NASA put out a vague blog update on Thursday stating, “Following the completion of Starliner’s return planning, which is expected to continue into next week, more information will be shared about the agency’s return readiness review preparations and subsequent media briefing.” So maybe the meeting will take place next week.
NASA issued a $266,678 task award to SpaceX on July 14 for a “special study for emergency response.” NASA said this study was not directly related to Starliner’s problems, but two sources told Ars it really was. Although the study entailed work on flying more than four crew members home on Crew Dragon—a scenario related to Frank Rubio and the Soyuz MS-22 leaks—it also allowed SpaceX to study flying Dragon home with six passengers, a regular crew complement in addition to Wilmore and Williams.
SpaceX has been actively working on a scenario in which two or four astronauts launch on board Crew 9: (A normal crew is four) This mission has a nominal launch date of August 18, but it could well be delayed. SpaceX has already identified flight suits that would fit Wilmore and Williams, allowing them to fly home on the Crew-8 spacecraft (presently docked to the space station) or the Crew-9 vehicle. It is unclear how crews would be assigned to the two Dragon return flights. It is possible, if four astronauts launch on Crew 9, that five people could fly home on each of the two Dragons.
Two sources told Ars that in meetings this week at NASA field centers, there have been vigorous discussions about whether or not to fly crew home on Starliner: Multiple groups remain “no” on Starliner as of Wednesday. It is unclear how this will be resolved. Some engineers believe that if there are questions about Starliner, then NASA should opt for the safe course—flying on Crew Dragon, which has safely launched 13 times and landed 12 times.

Making Difficult Calls

NASA officials face a difficult decision. Because there is still at least a small risk to flying Starliner in its present condition, the space agency and Boeing have tested the thrusters as thoroughly as possible while the spacecraft is docked to the space station. This testing was intended to “buy down” these risks. But while the data is good, it has not addressed all of NASA’s concerns.

So what will the space agency do? Starliner probably could make it back to Earth safely. But there appears to be some reasonable doubt that Starliner will come back safely. If NASA defers to its fallback plan, flying on Dragon, it may spell the end of the Starliner program. During the development and testing of Starliner, the company has already lost $1.6 billion. Reflying a crew test flight mission, which likely would be necessary should Starliner return autonomously, would cost much more. Boeing might opt to cancel Starliner and leave NASA with just a single provider of crew transportation. That would be painful for both NASA and Boeing.

But the alternative—Starliner not coming home safely with the crew inside—is far, far worse. This is the risk-reward decision that Free, Stich, and other NASA officials ultimately must balance in the coming days.

Table 1: Key Events in Starliner’s Mission

Date	Event	Description
Launch	Eight weeks ago	Starliner launched on an Atlas V rocket.
Initial Issues	Shortly after launch	Helium leaks and failing thrusters detected.
Testing	Last few weeks	Ground and in-orbit thruster tests conducted by NASA and Boeing.
Task Award	July 14	NASA issued a task award to SpaceX for emergency response study.
Flight Review	Scheduled for August 1	Flight Readiness Review meeting scheduled and later canceled.

Table 2: Potential Scenarios for Crew Return

Scenario	Description	Likelihood (As of Now)
Return on Starliner	Crew returns on the original Starliner spacecraft.	Less than 50%
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-8)	Crew returns on the Crew-8 spacecraft currently docked at the space station.	Significant possibility
Return on Crew Dragon (Crew-9)	Crew returns on the Crew-9 spacecraft scheduled for launch on August 18.	Possible, if launch occurs
Mixed Crew Dragon Scenario	A combination where some crew return on Crew-8 and others on Crew-9.	Under consideration

Conclusion

NASA faces a challenging decision in determining the safest way to return the Starliner crew. With ongoing concerns about Starliner’s thrusters, the reliable alternative of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon is being seriously considered. The ultimate choice will have significant implications for both NASA and Boeing, balancing safety, risk, and the future of the Starliner program.

Sources:

yes-nasa-really-could-bring-starliners-astronauts-back-on-crew-dragon/

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Understanding the Sun’s Corona: Why Is It So Hot?

By Jonathan Bala August 3, 2024

Understanding the Sun’s Corona: Why Is It So Hot?

The Sun’s corona is at least 100 times hotter than its surface, despite being far less dense.
Recent studies, particularly those involving NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, are shedding light on the mechanisms behind the corona’s extreme heat.
Magnetic switchbacks, S-shaped bends in the magnetic field, play a crucial role in the corona’s heating process.
Two main hypotheses for switchbacks’ origins are from solar wind activity past the corona or from the Sun’s surface.
New findings suggest switchbacks do not originate from the Sun’s surface but possibly form within the solar wind outside the corona.
Understanding switchbacks is essential for predicting space weather and protecting Earth’s satellites and electronic systems.

Summary

Temperature Difference: The Sun’s corona is significantly hotter than its surface, posing a scientific mystery.
Parker Solar Probe: NASA’s mission to study the Sun’s magnetic field and switchbacks.
Magnetic Switchbacks: Sudden reversals in the magnetic field that store and potentially release energy.
Hypotheses: Two main theories for switchbacks’ origins involve solar wind activity or the Sun’s surface.
Study Results: Recent studies suggest switchbacks do not originate from the Sun’s surface.
Historical Context: Earlier missions like Helios and Ulysses observed magnetic field reversals and switchbacks.
Implications: Understanding the corona’s heating mechanisms can help predict space weather and protect Earth’s technological infrastructure.
Future Research: Ongoing and future studies aim to uncover more details about the origins and effects of switchbacks.

Understanding the Sun’s Corona: Why Is It So Hot?

The Sun, our nearest star, has fascinated scientists for centuries. One of its most puzzling features is the corona. The corona is a halo of plasma that surrounds the Sun. This halo extends millions of miles into space. The Sun’s surface is known as the photosphere. The photosphere has temperatures around 5,500 degrees Celsius (9,932 degrees Fahrenheit). However, the corona can reach temperatures of millions of degrees Celsius. This huge temperature difference has puzzled scientists. They have conducted extensive research and exploration to understand it better.

The Sun’s corona is much hotter than its surface. It is at least 100 times hotter. However, the corona is far less dense than the surface. This difference in temperature is surprising. People usually think that temperature should drop as you move away from a heat source. But, in the case of the Sun, the opposite happens. Scientists have studied this mystery for a long time. They still search for the exact reasons behind it.

In 2018, NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe to understand the Sun’s corona. This mission aims to study the outer corona and the solar wind. The corona is the Sun’s outer atmosphere. The probe flies closer to the Sun than any previous spacecraft. It has made significant strides in uncovering mysteries of the Sun’s magnetic field. It also studies the role of magnetic switchbacks. Magnetic switchbacks are sudden reversals in the Sun’s magnetic field direction.

Magnetic switchbacks are S-shaped bends in the Sun’s magnetic field that cause sudden reversals in the field’s direction. These switchbacks are thought to store energy from the magnetic field, which might contribute to heating the corona and accelerating the solar wind. The Parker Solar Probe has provided valuable data on these switchbacks, helping scientists explore their origins and effects.

“That energy has to go somewhere, and it could be contributing to heating the corona and accelerating the solar wind.” — Dr. Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, University of Michigan

Competing Hypotheses

The scientific community has proposed two main hypotheses regarding the origin of switchbacks:

Solar Wind Activity: This theory suggests that switchbacks originate from the magnetic field bending due to the extreme activity of the solar wind beyond the corona.
Sun’s Surface: This hypothesis posits that switchbacks originate from processes on the Sun’s surface.

Recent Study Findings

A recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal analyzed data from the Parker Solar Probe’s first 14 laps around the Sun. The study aimed to determine the source of switchbacks and their role in heating the corona. The researchers found that switchbacks do not originate from the Sun’s surface. This conclusion was based on the lack of switchbacks observed within the corona itself. If the Sun’s surface were the origin, the number of switchbacks inside the corona would be significantly higher.

“Our theory could fill the gap between the two schools of thought on S-shaped switchback generation mechanisms.” — Dr. Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti

Historical Context of Magnetic Field Reversal Studies

The study of the Sun’s magnetic field reversal dates back to the 1970s with the German-US Helios spacecraft. Helios-1 and Helios-2 provided the first observations of this reversal behavior. These missions were followed by the NASA/ESA Ulysses probe, which studied the Sun’s polar regions and observed switchbacks in the 1990s.

Observations and Data Collection

The Parker Solar Probe broke previous records by traveling closer to the Sun than any other spacecraft, reaching a distance of 7.26 million kilometers (4.51 million miles) from the Sun in September 2023. These observations have been crucial in understanding the magnetic switchbacks and their implications for the Sun’s corona.

Understanding the origin and behavior of switchbacks is essential for predicting space weather, which can significantly impact Earth. Space weather can cause massive damage to orbiting satellites and electronic ground stations, affecting communication, navigation, and power systems.

The insights gained from studying the Sun’s corona and switchbacks can also help scientists understand other stars throughout the universe. The processes observed in our Sun can provide a model for studying the formation, evolution, and behavior of other stars, contributing to the broader field of stellar physics.

Conclusion

The Sun’s corona remains one of the most intriguing aspects of our closest star. With the help of advanced missions like NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, scientists are making significant strides in understanding the magnetic phenomena that contribute to the corona’s extreme heat. These discoveries not only enhance our knowledge of the Sun but also have practical implications for predicting and mitigating the effects of space weather on Earth. As research continues, we can expect to uncover even more about the mysterious and dynamic processes that govern our Sun and other stars in the universe.

Tables

Mission	Year	Distance from Sun (km)	Observations
Helios-1	1974	46 million	Magnetic field reversal
Helios-2	1976	43.432 million	Magnetic field reversal
Parker Solar Probe	2018 (ongoing)	7.26 million (2023)	Magnetic switchbacks, solar wind

Hypothesis	Description	Support
Solar Wind Activity	Switchbacks originate from the bending of the magnetic field due to solar wind activity past the corona.	Supported by lack of switchbacks within the corona.
Sun’s Surface	Switchbacks originate from the Sun’s surface processes.	Recent studies suggest this hypothesis is unlikely.

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How Our Sun Can Permanently Capture Rogue Planets: New Study Reveals

By Jonathan Bala August 2, 2024

How Our Sun Can Permanently Capture Rogue Planets: New Study Reveals

Interstellar objects (ISOs) like ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov have passed through our Solar System, confirming that ISOs are common and regularly visit us. Recent research has identified a region in the Solar System where objects can be permanently captured by the Sun’s gravity. This region allows captured objects, including comets, asteroids, and potentially rogue planets, to remain in stable orbits around the Sun indefinitely. The study was conducted by Edward Belbruno of Yeshiva University and James Green of NASA, and presented at Heidelberg University and ESA’s Operations Centre. Captured objects in this region can exhibit chaotic motion but still maintain stable orbits due to the combined gravitational influences of the Sun and the Milky Way. This new understanding could help in detecting and studying rogue planets and other ISOs captured by our Solar System.

Summary

Interest in ISOs ignited in 2017 with the flyby of ‘Oumuamua.
A new study shows a region where the Sun can permanently capture ISOs.
Captured objects, including rogue planets, remain in stable orbits.
The study used a three-body simulation involving an ISO, the Sun, and the Milky Way.
Gravitational forces from the Milky Way, including dark matter, play a crucial role.
The region exhibits a fractal-like, repeating pattern that stabilizes orbits.
Perturbations in Solar System bodies’ orbits could indicate captured rogue planets.
These findings enhance understanding of gravitational dynamics and ISO studies.

Main Article

Interest in interstellar objects (ISOs) soared in 2017 when ‘Oumuamua, a mysterious cigar-shaped object, zipped through our Solar System. This historic event marked the first confirmed detection of an ISO, igniting curiosity and speculation about these cosmic wanderers. Two years later, another ISO, the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov, passed through our celestial neighborhood, reinforcing the idea that ISOs are not just rare occurrences but rather frequent visitors. These encounters have led astronomers to theorize about the frequency and behavior of ISOs within our Solar System.

In a groundbreaking study, researchers have identified a region in our Solar System where objects from interstellar space can be permanently captured by the Sun’s gravitational pull. This discovery holds significant implications for the study of ISOs and the future of space exploration. The research was led by Edward Belbruno, a mathematics professor at Yeshiva University, and James Green, the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA. Their findings, presented in a paper titled “Permanent Capture into the Solar System,” have been shared at Heidelberg University and the European Space Agency’s Operations Centre (ESOC).

How Our Sun Can Permanently Capture Rogue Planets New Study Reveals — Oumuamua

To understand how these objects are captured, Belbruno and Green used a simplified three-body model, involving an ISO, the Sun, and the Milky Way. This model allowed them to simulate the motion of a captured object under the influence of gravitational forces. Their analysis revealed that when ISOs are caught by the Sun’s gravity, they can enter a state known as “permanent capture.” In this state, the objects remain in orbit around the Sun indefinitely, never colliding with it. Additionally, these objects can experience “weak capture,” where they are gradually drawn into a stable orbit around the Sun.

One of the most fascinating aspects of this study is the chaotic motion exhibited by captured objects in this region. Despite their seemingly unpredictable paths, these objects follow a complex, repeating pattern similar to a fractal. This pattern, akin to the famous Mandelbrot set in mathematics, contributes to the stability of the captured object’s orbit. As Belbruno explained to Astrobiology contributor Keith Cowing, “The combined gravitational forces of the Sun and the Milky Way play a crucial role in this process. The galaxy’s gravitational field, including the effects of dark matter, significantly influences how objects are captured.”

The findings of this study have far-reaching implications for ISO research and space missions. The ability of the Sun to capture and retain interstellar objects opens up new possibilities for detecting and studying these celestial bodies. As Belbruno noted, “The discovery not only enhances our understanding of gravitational dynamics but also opens up new possibilities for detecting and studying these fascinating celestial bodies. As we continue to explore the cosmos, who knows what other secrets the universe holds about the objects that have joined our solar family?”

In addition to comets and asteroids, the Sun’s gravitational pull could also capture rogue planets. Recent research suggests that there could be trillions of rogue planets in the Milky Way, ejected from their original solar systems over time. These planets, wandering through interstellar space, could be drawn into our Solar System and remain in stable orbits around the Sun. The gravitational influence of these captured rogue planets could cause perturbations in the orbits of other bodies in the Solar System, providing astronomers with clues about their presence.

Similar to how astronomers have used the orbits of Kuiper Belt Objects to search for evidence of Planet 9 (aka Planet X), they could use perturbations in the orbits of Solar System bodies to infer the presence of captured rogue planets. This method could become a valuable tool in the search for these elusive objects. The discovery of captured ISOs and rogue planets would not only enhance our understanding of the dynamics of our Solar System but also provide valuable insights into the nature and origins of these celestial wanderers.

The arrival of ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov has led to numerous proposals for spacecraft missions to rendezvous with future ISOs. Concepts like the Interstellar Object Explorer (IOE) aim to study these objects up close, gathering data that could reveal their composition, origins, and potential for carrying the building blocks of life. Missions to captured ISOs within our Solar System could provide an unprecedented opportunity to study interstellar materials without the need for long-duration space travel.

Conclusion

The discovery of a region in our Solar System where the Sun can permanently capture interstellar objects is a significant milestone in our understanding of gravitational dynamics and the behavior of ISOs. The work of Edward Belbruno and James Green has opened up new avenues for research and exploration, providing valuable insights into the nature of these cosmic wanderers. As we look to the future, the study of captured ISOs and rogue planets will continue to be a fascinating and rewarding endeavor, revealing the secrets of our Solar System and beyond.

Table 1: Key Interstellar Objects and Their Characteristics

Object	Type	Year of Discovery	Notable Features
‘Oumuamua	Interstellar Object	2017	First confirmed ISO, cigar-shaped
2I/Borisov	Interstellar Comet	2019	First confirmed interstellar comet
Potential Captured ISOs	Various	Ongoing	Detected through perturbations in orbits

Table 2: Proposed Missions to Interstellar Objects

Mission Name	Objective	Status
Interstellar Object Explorer (IOE)	Study ISOs up close	Concept
Comet Interceptor	Rendezvous with an undiscovered comet	Planned
ESA’s Hera Mission	Study the Didymos binary asteroid system	Planned

References

“Study Finds Rogue Planets Can Become Permanently Trapped in Sun’s Orbit.” Astrobiology, June 2024. Available at: https://astrobiology.com/2024/06/study-finds-rogue-planets-can-become-permanently-trapped-in-suns-orbit.html
Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University. Available at: https://www.yu.edu/katz
Planetary Science Division, NASA. Available at: https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/
Belbruno, E., Green, J. “Permanent Capture into the Solar System.” arXiv, July 2024. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09560
European Space Agency Operations Centre (ESOC). Available at: https://esoc.esa.int/
Keith Cowing, Astrobiology. Available at: https://astrobiology.com/author/keith_cowing
“Study Finds Rogue Planets Can Become Permanently Trapped in Sun’s Orbit.” Astrobiology, June 2024. Available at: https://astrobiology.com/2024/06/study-finds-rogue-planets-can-become-permanently-trapped-in-suns-orbit.html
Belbruno, E., Green, J. “Permanent Capture into the Solar System.” arXiv, July 2024. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09560

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Indian Scientists Discover 34 New Alien Radio Sources Using GMRT Near Pune

By Jonathan Bala August 2, 2024

Indian Scientists Discover 34 New Alien Radio Sources Using GMRT Near Pune

Indian researchers used the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune. They discovered 34 new giant radio sources (GRSs). These are objects in space that emit strong radio waves. This important discovery helps us understand the universe’s largest structures. It also shows India’s growing role in space exploration.

Summary

Giant Radio Galaxies (GRGs): Radio galaxies crossing millions of light-years.
Discovery: Indian researchers found 34 new GRSs using GMRT.
Significance: Challenges existing theories about GRS growth and behavior.
Research Team: PhD students Netai Bhukta, Souvik Manik, and astronomers Sabyasachi Pal, Sushanta K Mondal.
Data Source: TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS) conducted between 2010-2012.
Facility: GMRT, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), near Pune.
Implications: Offers insights into intergalactic medium and black hole interactions.
Future Plans: Detailed analyses and multiwavelength observations.

Discovery of Giant Radio Sources

Giant Radio Galaxies (GRGs) are special types of radio galaxies. They have grown to sizes that span millions of light-years. For perspective, the Milky Way galaxy is about 100,000 light-years wide. GRGs are much larger, stretching across millions of light-years. This immense size makes GRGs rare and hard to detect. One possible way GRGs form is through powerful radio jets from a galaxy. These jets extend into almost empty regions of space between galaxies, known as intergalactic space.

The Indian Breakthrough

In an astonishing leap forward for astronomy, a team of Indian researchers has uncovered 34 new GRSs using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). This discovery, not only a testament to India’s growing prominence in the field of space exploration, provides fresh insights into the enigmatic behavior of the universe’s largest and most mysterious structures.

This groundbreaking discovery stems from the TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS), conducted between 2010 and 2012. Covering about 90% of the sky at 150 MHz, the survey has become a treasure trove for astronomers. The team, comprising PhD students Netai Bhukta and Souvik Manik, and astronomers Sabyasachi Pal and Sushanta K Mondal, delved into the TGSS Alternative Data Release 1, leveraging GMRT’s exceptional sensitivity at low frequencies to uncover these colossal structures.

Significance of the Discovery

Giant radio sources are cosmic behemoths, stretching millions of light-years across and representing the final stage of radio galaxy evolution. Their sheer size and rarity have long puzzled scientists. The recent discovery of 34 new GRSs, among the most distant ever detected, challenges the prevailing theories about their growth. Notably, two of these objects defy the conventional understanding that GRSs predominantly expand in low-density environments, suggesting that other factors contribute to their enormous size.

The Role of GMRT in the Discovery

The Facility

The GMRT, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), is situated near Khodad village, 90 km north of Pune. This state-of-the-art facility has placed India at the forefront of radio astronomy, enabling scientists to peer deep into the universe and uncover its secrets. The success of this discovery underscores India’s growing capabilities and ambitions in space research, marking a significant milestone for the country’s scientific community.

Technical Specifications

Feature	Details
Location	Near Khodad village, 90 km north of Pune
Operator	National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA)
Frequency Range	150 MHz
Survey Coverage	90% of the sky
Notable Discoveries	34 new Giant Radio Sources

Importance of Low-Frequency Observations

The GMRT’s exceptional sensitivity at low frequencies was crucial for this discovery. Low-frequency observations are particularly effective for detecting the extended radio emissions characteristic of GRSs. By examining these frequencies, the researchers could identify and study the faint signals emitted by these enormous structures.

Implications for Astronomy

Understanding the Intergalactic Medium

The study of GRSs is not merely an academic exercise; it has profound implications for our understanding of the universe. These giant structures provide critical insights into the behavior of the intergalactic medium and the complex interactions between black holes and their surrounding environments. By examining these massive entities, scientists can better understand the distribution of matter in the cosmos and the forces shaping the evolution of galaxies.

Black Hole Interactions

GRSs are often powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. The radio jets emitted by these black holes can extend for millions of light-years, interacting with the surrounding intergalactic medium. These interactions can reveal much about the physics of black holes and the environments in which they exist.

Challenges to Existing Theories

The discovery of 34 new GRSs, including two that defy conventional understanding, challenges existing theories about their growth and behavior. These findings suggest that other factors, beyond low-density environments, may contribute to the expansion of these giant structures. This opens new avenues for research and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving their growth.

Future Research and Analyses

Detailed Multiwavelength Observations

With plans to present new GRS samples in forthcoming articles, the researchers aim to conduct detailed analyses based on multiwavelength observations. These studies will further unravel the mysteries surrounding the formation and growth of giant radio sources, contributing to our broader understanding of the universe.

Collaboration and International Impact

The success of this discovery highlights the importance of international collaboration in the field of astronomy. By working with researchers and institutions worldwide, Indian scientists can leverage global expertise and resources to advance our understanding of the cosmos.

Future Prospects

Aspect	Future Plans
New GRS Samples	Presentation in forthcoming articles
Multiwavelength Observations	Detailed analyses to understand formation
International Collaboration	Leveraging global expertise and resources
Expanding Research	Further studies on GRS growth and behavior

Conclusion

The discovery of 34 new giant radio sources using the GMRT near Pune is a significant milestone in the field of astronomy. This groundbreaking achievement not only highlights India’s growing capabilities in space research but also provides valuable insights into the universe’s largest and most mysterious structures. By challenging existing theories and opening new avenues for research, this discovery marks a new chapter in our understanding of the cosmos.

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Arab Satellite 813: Final Design Review by NSSTC at UAE University

By Jonathan Bala August 1, 2024

Arab Satellite 813: Final Design Review by NSSTC at UAE University

The National Space Science and Technology Centre (NSSTC) at UAE University has completed the final design review for Arab Satellite 813.
This satellite will provide hyperspectral observations in the Visible/Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) regions.
Funded by the UAE Space Agency (UAESA), the project aims to enhance collaboration among Arab Space Cooperation Group (ASCG) countries.
The design review sessions evaluated the satellite’s design, sensors, and ground support systems.
The next phase is Assembly Integration and Test (AI&T) at NSSTC.
The satellite is named 813 to commemorate the House of Wisdom in Baghdad under Al-Ma’mun.
Emphasis on local manufacturing aims to boost regional expertise in satellite technology.

Summary

NSSTC at UAE University completed the design review for Arab Satellite 813.
The satellite will provide hyperspectral observations in the VNIR and SWIR regions.
The project is funded by UAESA and executed by UAE University.
The design review sessions evaluated the satellite’s design, sensors, and ground support systems.
The next phase is AI&T at NSSTC.
The satellite is named 813 to honor the House of Wisdom.
Emphasis on local manufacturing to enhance regional expertise.
Arab Satellite 813 will monitor Earth’s environment and climate.
It focuses on the UAE and ASCG member countries.
The satellite features advanced sensors and ground support systems.

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Arab Satellite 813: Final Design Review by NSSTC at UAE University

The National Space Science and Technology Centre (NSSTC) at UAE University recently held a series of sessions to finalize the design of the Arab Satellite 813. This advanced earth observation satellite, funded by the UAE Space Agency (UAESA) and executed by UAE University, is a significant project aimed at enhancing collaboration among Arab Space Cooperation Group (ASCG) countries in space science and technology.

During the review sessions, experts conducted a thorough evaluation of the satellite’s design, its payload of various sensors, and the design of the ground support systems. These evaluations are crucial to ensuring the satellite meets all operational requirements and can successfully perform its intended mission.

Arab Satellite 813 is equipped to provide hyperspectral observations in the Visible/Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. These observations are vital for monitoring Earth’s environment and climate, focusing on the UAE and other member countries of the ASCG.

Following the successful completion of the design phase, the engineering teams are set to advance to the Assembly Integration and Test (AI&T) phase at the NSSTC. Salem Butti Salem Al Qubaisi, Director General of the UAE Space Agency, highlighted the importance of this phase in ensuring the satellite’s components work seamlessly together.

The satellite is named 813 to commemorate the inception of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad under Al-Ma’mun’s reign. This institution was known for its significant contributions to science and scholarship, symbolizing the satellite’s role in advancing scientific knowledge and collaboration among Arab nations.

Key Features

Arab Satellite 813 is distinguished by its weight, size, and efficiency compared to other hyperspectral satellites. The design and selection process emphasized local manufacturing capabilities, aiming to enhance domestic and regional expertise in satellite design, production, assembly, testing, and data analysis.

Table 1: Key Specifications of Arab Satellite 813

Feature	Specification
Weight	150 kg
Size	1.5 x 1 x 1 m
Spectral Range	VNIR and SWIR
Payload	Hyperspectral Optical Instrument

Collaborative Efforts

This mission will help ASCG member countries work together. The satellite will give important data for tracking the environment and climate. Working on this project together shows how regional partnerships are key to growing space science and technology.

Quotes from Officials

Salem Butti Salem Al Qubaisi, Director General of the UAE Space Agency, stated:

“The successful completion of the design review marks a significant milestone in our mission to enhance regional cooperation in space science and technology. Arab Satellite 813 will provide invaluable data to monitor and understand our environment and climate.”

The design review sessions also included a comprehensive evaluation of the ground support systems. These systems are essential for the satellite’s operation, ensuring that it can communicate effectively with ground stations and that the data collected can be processed and analyzed accurately.

The development of Arab Satellite 813 is a significant step forward for the UAE and the ASCG. By focusing on local manufacturing and regional collaboration, the project aims to build a robust foundation for future space missions, leveraging advanced technology and expertise to address environmental and climate challenges.

Table 2: Milestones in Arab Satellite 813 Development

Milestone	Date
Project Initiation	January 2020
Design Review Completion	July 2024
Assembly Integration and Test	August 2024
Launch	Scheduled 2025

Conclusion

The final design review of Arab Satellite 813 marks a pivotal moment in the project’s development. With its advanced hyperspectral capabilities, the satellite is set to provide critical data for environmental and climate monitoring, fostering regional collaboration and enhancing local expertise in satellite technology.

Hashtags

#ArabSatellite813, #NSSTC, #UAEUniversity, #UAESpaceAgency, #ASCG, #HyperspectralObservations, #EnvironmentalMonitoring, #ClimateMonitoring, #SatelliteTechnology, #SpaceScience, #RegionalCollaboration

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